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ANTHROPOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS 

ON 

One  Thousand  White  and  Colored  Children  of  Both  Sexes 

The  Inmates  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum, 


With  Additional  Notes  on  One  Hundred  Colored  Children  of  the  New  York  Colored 

Orphan  Asylum. 


By  Dr.  Ales>Hrdlicka. 


Wtskoop  Hallenbeck  Crawford  Co.,  Printers,  New  York  and  Albany. 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  LWESTIGATIONS 

ON 

One  Thousand  White  and  Colored  Children  of  Both  Sexes 

The  Inmates  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum, 

With  Additional  Notes  on  One  Hundred  Colored  Children  of  the  New   York  Colored 

Orphan  Asylum. 


By  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka. 


The  Xafurc  of  tlic  I)izrstigatioiis. 

The  following  work  is  based  upon  the  investif^ations  of  one 
thousand  children  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum  and  on  about 
one  hundred  additional  cases  of  children  of  the  New  York  Colo/ed 
■Orphan  Asylum. 

Before  proceeding  to  state  the  results  of  my  investigations,  I 
think  it  advisable  to  make  a  few  remarks  about  the  real  nature, 
principal  objects,  and  mode  of  execution  of  the  work. 

There  were  measured  and  examined,  as  thoroughly  as  possible 
without  ofYense  to  the  modesty  of  the  children,  one  thousand  of  the 
inmates  of  the  institution.  In  addition,  as  already  mentioned,  a 
number  of  the  most  important  measurements  were  secured  on 
about  one  hundred  negro  children,  inmates  of  the  New  York 
Colored  Orphan  Asylum. 

In  selecting  the  measurements  to  be  applied  to  the  children  I 
have  chosen  all  those  which  can  be  expected  to  show  the  principal 
characteristics  of  the  children's  evolution,  and  I  have  excluded  all 
those  which  are  either  of  a  secondary  importance,  or  very  difficult, 
or  uncertain  of  execution.  The  following  measures  were  taken 
on  each  child: 

1.  Height. 

2.  Sitting  height. 

3.  Arm  expanse. 

4.  Weight. 

5.  Depth  of  the  chest  (at  the  height  of  the  nipples). 

6.  Width  of  the  chest  (at  the  same  heigiit). 

7.  Maximum  circumference  of  the  head. 

8.  The  greatest  length  of  the  head. 

9.  The  greatest  width  of  the  head. 

JO.  The  height  of  the  head  (from  meati  line). 


M 


21251)1 


4  Anthropological  In\lstigations. 

1 1 .  Diameter  bi-auricular  of  the  head  (jtlie  width  of  the  head  in 

front  and  a  Httle  above  the  tragus  of  the  ears). 

12.  The  smallest  width  of  the  forehead. 

In  addition  to  these  measurements,  the  average  pressure  and 
traction  force  of  each  child  in  each  of  its  hands  was  secured.       \ 

The  child  h.aving-  been  measured,  was  subjected  to  a  thorough 
inspection.  The  inspection  in  boys  comprised  every  part  of  the 
body.  This  was  also  the  case  in  the  very  small  girls.  In  girls 
above  eight,  the  private  parts  of  the  body  remained  carefully  covered. 

In  addition  to  the  body,  the  structures  in  the  mouth  were  exam- 
ined, and  finally  the  lungs  and  the  heart  were  submitted  to  careful 
percussion  and  auscultation. 

To  all  examination-records  were  appended  the  most  essential 
facts  from  the  history  of  the  child  and  its  family. 

TJie  Object  of  the  Investigations. 

The  principal  aim  of  these  investigations,  briefly  expressed,  is  to 
learn  as  much  as  possible  about  the  physical  state  of  the  children 
who  are  being  admitted  and  kept  in  juvenile  asylums. 

In  the  second  place,  this  study  is  a  part  of  the  general  anthropo- 
logical work  of  the  author  and  thus  expected  to  result  in  an  addition 
to  our  knowledge  of  the  normal  child,  and  of  several  classes  of 
children  who  are,  morally  or  otherwise,  abnormal. 

It  is  well  known  that  many  of  the  children  admitted  into  the 
juvenile  asylums  come  from  very  poor  classes  of  people.  The 
second  large  contingent  of  the  inmates  are  children  who  have  been 
sent  to  the  institution  as  incorrigible  or  even  criminal.  Both  these 
classes  of  children  are  from  sociological  point  of  view  abnormal, 
and  it  is  important  to  learn  how  far  their  physical  characteristics 
correspond  to  their  moral  character. 

It  is  self-evident  that  if  either  or  both  of  the  two  classes  of  children 
were  found  to  correspond  physically  to  their  social  or  moral  state, 
that  is,  if  they  were  physically  inferior  to  otlier  children  of  the  same 
sex  and  similar  age,  then  these  subjects  would  have  to  be  considered 
as  generally  handicapped  in  the  struggle  of  life.  The  only  thing 
which  could  be  done  for  such  children  in  an  institution  like  the 
Juvenile  Asylum  would  be  to  more  or  less  compensate  for  their 


Hrdlicka.  5 

natural  defects.  Under  such  circumstances  the  asykim  would  be 
no  more  than  a  correctional  institute  and  could  never  turn  out 
normal  children  who  would  be  fully  capable  of  wrestling  with  the 
difficulties  with  which  they  will  be  confronted  in  life.  If  such  is  the 
case,  the  community  could  not  expect  to  greatly  improve  them  in 
the  short  term  of  two  or  three  years,  but  would  have  to  take  very 
much  prolonged  additional  care  of  these  individuals. 

If.  on  the  other  hand,  the  inmates  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum  are 
not  found  to  dififer  greatly  in  their  strength  and  constitution  from 
the  average  ordinary  children,  and  thus  not  be  handicapped  Ijy 
serious  physical  defects — then  the  state  of  these  children  will  be 
very  much  more  hopeful.  The  community  could  in  this  case  expect 
that  a  course  of  proper  training  and  instruction,  such  a  course  as 
it  tries  to  provide  for  these  children  in  the  Juvenile  Asylum,  would 
be  largelv  sufficient  to  elevate  or  reform  these  children  and  to  allow 
them  to  reach  the  normal  average  standard  of  boys  and  girls  of 
their  ages.  Individuals  of  this  kind  would  be  on  an  almost  equal 
footing  in  facing  the  problems  of  their  lives  with  other  individuals 
who  have  never  been  socially  or  morally  inferior,  and  they  would  be 
almost  as  fully  capable  as  these  other  children  to  become  good  and 
useful  members  of  the  community.  In  this  case  it  is  plain  that  no 
■expense  which  the  comnuniity  might  undergo  to  elevate  and  im- 
prove the  inmates  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum  w'ould  be  lost;  further- 
more, the  connnunity  would  be  sure  that  every  additional  expense 
for  the  benefit  of  this  class  of  individuals  would  not  be  misapplied, 
but  could  be  expected  to  bring  its  proper  returns. 

It  is  true  that  actual  experience  may  have  already  largely  illus- 
trated the  problems  just  stated  by  showing  what  percentage  of  the 
discharged  inmates  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum  have  become  self  sup- 
porting men  and  women  and  good  members  of  society;  but  science, 
which  will  give  us  an  intimate  knowledge  of  every  individual  child 
admitted,  will  effect  more  than  mere  experience  alone  could  ever  do. 
A  thorough  knowledge  of  the  subjects  concerned,  of  the  children 
who  are  being  committed  to  and  discharged  from  our  juvenile 
asylums,  will  alone  sufficiently  clear  up  the  problem  of  what  future 
can  be  expected  for  these  children.  Such  a  knowledge  ought 
to  guide  us  very  largely  in  establishing  the  most  efficient  means  to 


6  Anthropological  Investigations, 

secure  for  these  children  the  best  future  that  it  may  be  possible  to 
provide  for  them. 

Besides  benefiting  the  whole  class  of  children  concerned,  such  in- 
vestigations as  have  been  undertaken  on  the  inmates  of  the  New 
York  Juvenile  Asylum  will  also  benefit  the  examined  subjects  in- 
dividually and  immediately. 

If  we  should  examine  any  given  class  of  children  in  a  thorough 
way,  we  would  find,  now  and  then,  in  some  individuals  of  the  class, 
certain  small,  physical  deficiencies  or  irregularities,  either  natural  or 
acquired.  We  should  find  frequently,  for  instance,  no  matter  how 
normal  mentally  the  class  of  children  examined  might  be,  and  to 
what  social  class  it  might  belong,  such  abnormalities  as  adherence 
of  the  prepuce  in  the  boys,  or  as  drooping  shoulders  on  one  side  of 
the  body,  due  to  habitual  faulty  positions,  or  a  faulty  position  of 
some  of  the  teeth,  etc.  Most  of  the  irregularities  of  these  kinds  can,, 
under  the  appropriate  direction,  be  corrected,  and  such  a  correciion 
undoubtedly  benefits  the  individual.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing report  how  useful  in  these  directions  our  examinations  have 
been. 

So  far  I  have  spoken  only  of  the  direct  advantages  of  the  investi- 
gations, but  there  are  further  and  by  no  means  secondary  advan- 
tages resulting  from  the  same  which  are  purely  of  a  scientific  nature. 
This  point  will  be  best  appreciated  by  a  perusal  of  the  report  itself. 
It  will  be  seen  that  we  have  gained  certain  interesting  data  concern- 
ing the  evolution  of  the  children  in  different  ages.  This  study 
enables  us  to  state  for  the  first  time  the  physical  differences  in  all 
parts  of  the  body  between  the  white  and  colored  children.  The  rec- 
ords will  also  give  us  some  notion  as  to  the  structural  differences 
among  the  children  of  several  nationalities,  etc.  The  majority  of 
the  following  data,  however,  should  not  be  looked  upon  as  definite 
conclusions  on  the  particular  subject  which  they  may  concern. 
They  are  really  but  indications  of  what  can  be  expected  from  pro- 
longed studies  in  the  same  direction. 

The  Mode  of  Execution  of  the  Work. 

In  conducting  examinations  of  this  extent,  the  first  and  very  im- 
portant condition  is  to  properly  arrange  the  recording  of  the  data. 


Measurements 

>. 

N.Y. 

JUVENILE  ASYL 

NAME. 

No. 

SEX. 

AGE. 

Height. 

Sitting 
Height. 

Arm 
Expanse. 

Weight. 

Pressure 
Force  on 
R.  Hand. 

Pressure 
Force  on 
L.  Hand. 

Trad 
For 

^LUM 

,  Anthropological  Examinations  and  Measurements. 

Acc 

CHEST. 

HEAD. 

Circumf. 

.-ilax. 

D.  A.  P. 
Max. 

D.  Lat. 
Max. 

D.  Bi- 
Auric. 

D.  front. 
Min. 

Height 
of  the 
Head. 

INSPECT  S 
HEA] 

Force. 

D.  A.  P. 
at  3d  Rib. 

D.  Lat. 
at  3d  Rib. 

=  Fi 

« 

p 


Accession  No.  of  Sheet Sex Ages Date. 


FACE. 


EARS. 


GUMS. 


TEETH. 


PALATE. 


UVULA. 


Squint. 


LLMBS. 


BODY. 


GENTTALS. 


LU] 


fieri 
k 
Me 


LlDate. 


FonlTALS. 


LUNGS. 

HEART. 

REMARKS. 


rat 


Hrdlicka.  7 

My  system  of  doing  this  was  the  following:  I  would  have  a  reliable 
clerk  sitting  behind  a  screen  in  the  same  room  where  I  conduct  the 
examinations,  and  to  this  clerk  I  would  dictate  in  a  systematic  way 
the  condition  of  part  after  part  ol  the  body  of  the  subject  examined. 
To  this  record  would  later  be  joined  the  measures  of  the  subject. 
After  the  examination  and  measuring  have  been  recorded  on  the 
sheet,  the  same  was  completed  with  such  case-book  data  concerning 
the  subject  as  were  considered  to  be  of  importance  and  reliable. 

All  the  records  concerning  an  individual  w'ould  be  kept  on  one 
separate  sheet.  These  individual  sheets  make  it  very  easy  to  ar- 
range the  subjects,  before  tabulating  the  data,  .according  to  any 
prime  condition  required  (such  as  sex,  age,  etc.).  * 

The  next  important  step  in  working  on  the  records  is  their  proper 
tabulation.  In  order  to  facilitate  this  I  constructed  sheets  of  which 
I  give  here  an  illustration.  The  advantages  of  such  sheets  are  too 
evident  to  be  dilated  upon.  Such  an  arrangement  enables  us  to 
handle  whole  groups  of  subjects  with  almost  as  much  ease  and  with 
equal  precision  as  we  would  handle  an  individual. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  for  me  to  state  that  I  made  personally  all 
the  examinations.  This  is  the  best  way  in  which  to  assure  a  perfect 
uniformity  of  the  work  and  a  full  value  of  the  results  therefrom. 

As  to  the  measurements,  I  have  received  valuable  aid  from  Mr. 
W.  R.  Buchanan,  one  of  the  attendants  of  the  institution. 

All  measuring  was  done  with  modern  and  well  tested  instruments. 
Mr.  Buchanan  received  thorough  instruction  in  the  matter  from  me, 
and  his  measures  were  not  allowed  to  stand  as  valid  until  I  had  satis- 
fied myself  that  his  errors  in  successive  measurements  on  the  same 
person  were  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  that  he  had  a  thorough 
understanding  of  what  he  was  doing.  Even  then,  in  order  to  insure 
a  full  reliability  of  the  measurements,  in  all  cases  where  a  certain 
measurement  was  found  to  dififer  from  time  to  time  through  con- 
ditions on  the  part  of  the  individual  measured  (such  as  for  instance 
was  the  case  with  the  height,  the  chest,  and  the  force  measurements), 
I  have  allowed  to  be  stated  only  the  average  of  three  measures 
secured  at  different  periods.  In  addition,  I  satisfied  myself  from 
time  to  time  by  re-measuring  some  of  the  children  that  the  data  ob- 
tained by  Mr.  Buchanan  remain  correct.     Such  precautions,  with  an 


8  Anthropological  Investigations. 

intelligent,  patient  and  interested  man,  and  good  instruments,  could 
not  but  secure  precision. 

The  children  without  a  single  exception  on  the  part  of  the  boys 
and  with  a  very  few  exceptions  on  the  part  of  the  girls  were  happy 
to  submit  to  the  examinations.  The  few  cases  of  girls  in  which  any 
objections  existed  were  promptly  excused  from  the  necessity  of  be- 
ing examined. 

In  no  single  case  was  there  observed  even  a  temporary  bad  effect 
of  any  kind  on  the  minds  of  the  children  as  a  result  of  the  examina- 
tions. I  beg  to  accentuate  this  fact,  as  very  frequently  the  possi- 
bility of  such  an  effect  has  a  deterring  influence  on  the  authorities  of 
schools  or  institutions  where  there  are  no  other  objections  to  investi- 
gations on  the  inmates. 

Arrangement  of  the  Records. 

The  study  will  be  presented  in  several  sections,  which  are  calcu- 
lated to  throw  some  light  on  distinct  groups  of  children. 

Part  I.  General  data  on  the  total  of  subjects. — The  children  in 
this  group  are  separated  only  according  to  sex  and  color. 

Part  II.  Detailed  study. — Children  in  this  group  are  separated 
according  to  their  color,  sexes  and  ages. 

Part  III.  Physical  differences  between  white  and  colored  chil- 
dren of  both  sexes  and  different  ages. 

Part  IV.  Children  of  different  nationalities. — Subjects  divided  ac- 
cording to  their  sexes  and  ages. 

Part  V.  Children  without  any  physical  defects,  with  their  family 
and  individual  histories. 

Part  VI.  Children  with  five  or  more  physical  abnormalities. 

Part  VII.  Vicious  and  criminal  children. 

Part  VIII.  Children  whose  parents  were  intemperate,  prostitute 
or  criminal. 

Part  IX.  Children  both  of  whose  parents  are  dead. 

Part.  X.  Children  one  or  both  of  whose  parents  died  of  consump- 
tion. 


Hrdlicka. 


PART  I. 


General  Observations  on  the  Total  of  Characters  of  the 
White  and  of  the  Colored  Children. 

There  were  no  systematic  observations  made  on  tlie  inmates  of 
the  Juvenile  x\syUim.  but  1  took  every  occasion  to  come  into  a  close 
contact  with  the  children  and  to  learn  as  much  as  possible  about 
their  moral  status,  their  habits  and  their  health.  The  observations 
thus  collected  were  confirmed  by  inquiries  among  the  teachers  and 
attendants  of  the  children;  and  I  have  received  especially  valuable 
assistance  in  this  respect  from  the  Superintendent  of  the  Institution, 
Dr.  Bruce.  In  a  general  way  I  can  sum  up  the  observations  as 
follows: 

When  the  children  are  admitted  into  the  institution,  they  are 
almost  invariably  in  some  way,  both  morally  and  physically,  inferior 
to  healthy  children  from  good  social  classes  at  large.  A  closer  ob- 
servation, however,  reveals  the  fact  that  the  inferiorities  of  the  chil- 
dren who  are  becoming  inmates  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum,  are  in  the 
majority  of  cases  only  the  results  of  neglect,  or  of  improper  nutri- 
tion, or  of  both  these  causes  combined.  Many  of  the  children  are 
more  or  less  neglected,  or  spoiled,  or  less  developed  or  strong,  than 
they  should  be;  but  a  really  inferior  child,  that  is,  an  inherently 
vicious,  or  an  imbecile  child,  or  a  child  who  could  not  be  much 
improved  bv  better  food  and  better  hygienic  surroundings,  is  a  very 
rare  exception. 

Within  a  month,  at  most,  after  the  admission  of  the  child  into 
the  Asylum,  and  sometimes  w^ithin  a  week,  decided  changes  for  the 
better  are  observed  in  almost  every  instance.  Among  the  first 
improvements  noticed  in  the  children  are  better  appetite  and  better 
appearance;  while  from  the  moral  standpoint  it  is  noticeable  that  the 
children  stop  using  foul  language,  show  more  obedience,  and  mani- 
fest much  less  disposition  to  lying  and  pilfering. 

What  is  a  very  important  fact,  and  at  the  same  time  the  best 
•evidence  of  the  real  character  of  these  children,  is  that  after  their 
admission,  gradually,  all  of  the  individuals  of  the  same  sex  and  age 


lo  Anthropological  Investigations. 

become  more  and  more  alike,  and  show  less  and  less  of  their  former 
diversity.  Each  child,  of  course,  preserves  the  fundamental  differ- 
ences of  its  nature,  but  it  loses  gradually  more  and  more  of  those 
conditions,  both  physical  and  moral,  which  distinguished  it  acutely 
from  the  healthy  and  well-trained  children,  as  well  as  from  the 
individuals  confined  a  longer  time  in  the  institution.  These  changes, 
although  taking  place  on  the  basis  of  rule  and  advice,  are  not  due 
to  compulsion.  One  of  the  most  important  factors  in  this  improve- 
ment of  the  newly  admitted  subjects,  I  have  noticed  to  be  spontane- 
ous emulation  by  the  newcomers  of  the  already  improved  habits  of 
the  children  who  have  been  here  longer.  After  the  first  few  weeks 
of  residence  the  children  settle  well  down  to  the  life  of  the  institu- 
tion, and  they  can  seldom  be  seen  in  any  but  a  happy  state  of  mind 
and  good  disposition. 

In  learning,  the  newcomers  are  generally  found  to  be  more  or 
less  retarded  when  brought  to  school  in  the  institution,  but  in  a 
great  majority  of  cases  they  begin  to  accjuire  rapidly,  and  a  child 
usually  reaches  the  average  standard  of  the  class  to  which  it  is 
allotted.  An  inveterate  backwardness  in  learning  is  not  noticeable,. 
except  in  a  few  instances. 

The  advance  of  the  children  continues  slowly  in  all  directions 
during  their  stay  in  the  asylum.  When  the  time  of  discharge  comes, 
the  children  have  certainly  all  more  or  less  improved.  I  have  had 
occasion  to  satisfy  myself  of  this  fact  by  re-examining'  a  number  of 
the  subjects  immediately  before  they  were  discharged,  and  although 
the  periods  since  the  first  examination  of  the  same  individuals 
amounted  to  only  from  three  to  six  months,  nevertheless  in  every 
case  a  general  improvement,  both  physically  and  in  the  behavior  of 
the  child,  was  noticeable. 

I  cannot  say,  however,  that  every  child  is  discharged  from  the 
New  York  Juvenile  Asylum  only  when  all  the  improvement  of  which 
he  or  she  was  in  need,  or  which  was  possible  with  them,  has  been 
achieved.  Undoubtedly  many  of  the  children  are  discharged  before 
the  full  good,  both  physical  and  moral,  has  been  effected. 

It  is  widely  different  to  teach  a  habit  to  a  child,  and  to  inculcate 
this  habit  so  that  it  becomes  a  firm  part  of  its  nature.  The  child, 
who  has  been  many  times  well  compared  with  a  young  tree,  which 
you  can  bend  in  any  direction,  can  be  corrected  of  bad  habits  and 


Hrdlicka.  II 

taught  good  ones,  and  can  in  addition  be  physically  much  improved 
in  a  comparatively  short  time.  But  the  child  will  lose  these  advan- 
tages as  rapidly  as  it  has  acquired  them  if  it  comes  into  circum- 
stances which  favor  their  loss.  Only  such  a  child  will  be  safe 
against  losing  the  benefits  given  to  it  by  the  institution,  in  whom 
the  body  has  been  permanently  strengthened  and  in  whom  the  good 
habits  have  been  so  firmly  inculcated  that  they  become  a  stable 
component  part  of  its  nature. 

To  improve  a  child  to  the  degree  just  expressed  requires  a  much 
longer  time  than  is  necessary  simply  to  teach  the  child  better  habits 
and  elevate  its  physical  condition.  The  length  of  time  necessary  to 
efifect  the  complete  restoration  of  the  child  (and  this,  I  think,  is  the 
only  true  duty  and  the  only  true  charity  of  society),  will  vary  largely 
with  different  individuals,  and  can  only  be  determined  by  a  constant 
and  careful  observation  of  each  subject  by  his  attendants,  his  teacher 
and  his  physician. 

I  will  not  enter  here  into  further  details. 

That  wliat  T  said  above  is  true,  is  well  demonstrated  by  the  fre- 
quent recurrences  in  cases  where  the  discharged  child  returned  to 
similar  circumstances  in  which  it  lived  before  coming  into  the 
Juvenile  Asylum.  Fortunately  in  a  very  large  number  of  instances 
the  child  gets  a  new  home  in  which  the  good  circumstances  initiated 
in  the  asylum  continue  until  the  child  is  out  of  danger  of  recurrence. 

Exaiiiinatiotis. 

Of  the  I, GOG  children  examined,  700  were  boys  and  300  were  girls. 
Of  the  boys  634  were  w^hite  and  .66  colored.  The  girls  include  274 
w'hite  and  26  colored  children. 

In  age  the  wdiite  boys  ranged  from  5  to  17  years,  the  white  girls 
from  5  to  18.  The  colored  boys  from  6  to  16,  and  the  colored  girls 
from  7  to  15  years. 

The  methods  of  examination  have  already  been  explained.  All 
such  parts  examined  which  were  found  to  agree  well  with  the  typical 
form  of  the  same  parts  in  healthy  children  of  corresponding  color, 
sex  and  age,  were  recorded  as  normal.  As  an  abnormality  every- 
thing was  characterized  which  was  a  decided  deviation  from  the  typi- 
cal form  in  health  of  the  particular  part  examined. 


12  ANTHROPOr.OGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 

The  recorded  al)normalities  comprised  two  principal  classes  of 
characters:  First,  Those  characters  whose  orit^in  can  be  referred  to 
some  irregtilarity  or  defect  in  the  principles  from  which  the  child 
originates,  (that  is  in  the  paternal  sperm  or  in  the  maternal  ovule,)  or 
to  the  embryonic  evolution  of  the  individual.  And  second,  All 
those  characters  whose  origin  is  subseciuent  to  the  origin  period  of 
the  being,  and  which  develop  mostly  after  the  birth  of  the  child. 

The  first  class  of  abnormalities  is  generally  termed  inherited,  or 
congenital,  or  inborn,  while  characters  of  the  second  class  are  called 
acquired  abnormalities. 

The  abnormalities  of  the  second  class  here  defined  are  principally 
the  results  of  early  pathological  processes,  or  they  may  be  due  to 
the  habits  of  the  individual.  The  pathological  conditions  which 
most  frequently  are  the  source  of  such  subsequent  abnormalities  in 
a  child  are  above  all  the  various  degrees  of  rachitis,  and  then  early 
paralyses. 

Abnormalities  due  to  habit  are  usually  developed  by  the  individual 
using  one  arm  or  one  foot  or  some  other  part  of  the  body  much  in 
excess  to  the  other  limb  or  other  parts,  or  by  habitual  improper 
holding  of  the  body. 

In  the  case  of  younger  children,  the  subject  will  frequently  allow 
one  of  his  shoulders  to  droop  more  than  the  other.  Or  the  child  will 
support  itself  more  on  one  lower  limb  than  on  the  other,  and  as  a 
consequence  acquire  a  lateral  inclination  of  the  pelvis,  or  of  the 
spine.  Other  children  will  habitually  hold  their  heads  too  low  or 
to  one  side  and  acquire  stooping  shoulders,  or  a  faulty  position  of 
the  head. 

In  other  children  the  nature  of  the  work  which  they  begin  to  do 
frequently  gives  rise  to  habitual  faulty  positions  of  some  part  of 
the  body,  which  may  ultimately  result  in  established  deformities. 
As  an  example  of  abnormalities  of  this  kind  I  may  again  mention 
drooping  shoulders,  pelvic  inclinations,  and  even  depressions  of  cer- 
tain parts  of  the  chest,  such  as  occur  particularly  in  shoemakers. 

The  significance  and  gravity  of  the  various  abnormalities  differ 
considerably.  This  problem  can  be  viewed  either  objectively  or 
subjectively. 

The  objective  significance  of  atypical  characters,  that  is,  the  mean- 


I 


Hrdlicka.  13 

ing  of  the  abnormalities  of  a  being  when  we  consider  the  standing  of 
that  being  in  a  class  of  similar  individuals,  is  quite  uncertain  and  is 
being  still  generally  much  discussed.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there  are 
very  fczu  abnormalities  zJiieli  zee  can  observe  i)i  )uaii  that  max  be 
positively  said  to  render  the  individual  generally  cither  decidedlv  in- 
ferior or  markedly  superior  to  his  fellow  beings.  No  single  physi- 
cal abnormality  (and  but  a  rare  combination  of  abnormalities)  snt^ces 
of  itself  to  stamp  any  individual  as  a  human  degenerate. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  great  majority  of  the  inborn  abnormalities 
still  elude  our  comprehension,  and  from  what  experience  teaches  us 
we  nnist  assume  that  these  characters,  as  well  as  numbers  of  ac- 
quired abnormalities,  are  largely  without  any  objective  significance. 

As  examples  of  inborn  characters  without  any  known  or  traceable 
significance  may  be  mentioned  the  abnormalities  we  observe  on  the 
toes  and  those  of  the  external  ear. 

A  certain  objective  effect  may  in  some  cases  be  due  to  the  dis- 
figurement to  which  some  abnormalities  give  rise. 

The  subjective  effects  of  abnormalities  differ  very  largely.  They 
differ  according  to  the  situation  of  the  abnormalities  and  according 
to  their  extent.  The  malformation  of  some  part  of  the  body  may 
not  only  have  a  depressing  effect  on  the  individual  who  possesses  it, 
but  it  may  also  interfere  with  his  work  or  other  functions.  Ob- 
liquely set  eyes,  for  instance,  or  even  a  case  of  pronounced  strabis- 
mus, may,  at  least  for  a  time,  cause  considerable  worry,  depression 
and  inconvenience  to  their  owner;  while  a  deformed  limb  may  in- 
terfere with  the  walking,  or,  in  the  case  of  the  hand,  the  deformity 
may  prove  to  be  a  serious  hindrance  to  the  acquisition  of  certain 
handicrafts  by  the  individual  and  thus  be  a  serious  personal  dis- 
advantage. If  the  abnormality  concerns  the  head,  it  may  prove  of 
even  graver  subjective  consequences  to  the  being  than  if  any  of  the 
limbs  are  affected.  If,  for  example,  as  a  result  of  rachitis  or  some 
other  pathological  process,  there  occurs  a  very  premature  union  of 
the  cranial  sutures,  the  sequellae  of  this  may  favor  a  decadence  of 
the  mental  powers  of  the  individual,  and  possibly  even  render  him 
imbecile.  Curvatures  of  the  spine  or  of  other  bones  may  cause  the 
individual  many  a  difficulty  in  his  life,  and  certain  abnormalities  of 
the  genital  organs  may  result  in  unpleasant  and  even  serious  conse- 


14  Anthropological  Investigations. 

qucnces.  On  the  other  liand,  a  large  number  of  abnornialities,  and 
especially  those  of  congenital  nature,  have  very  little  or  no  traceable 
subjective  effect  on  their  bearer. 

What  has  just  been  said  is  principally  for  the  purpose  of  affording 
indications  as  to  how  to  properly  view  the  abnormalities  we  may 
meet  in  the  inmates  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum. 

It  should  be  kept  in  mind,  first  of  all,  that  many  of  the  abnormali- 
ties of  which  we  shall  speak  are  simply  the  results  of  states  of  mal- 
nutrition, or  of  certain  pathological  conditions,  and  do  not  indicate 
inferiority  any  more  than  would  a  pale  skin  after  a  hemorrhage  or 
so  many  scars  after  wovmds. 

In  the  second  place,  a  great  many  of  those  abnormalities  in  our 
children,  which  are  really  due  to  some  defects  or  peculiarities  of 
either  of  the  parental  principles  from  which  the  being  springs,  are, 
so  far  as  we  know,  without  any  practical  significance,  either  objec- 
tive or  subjective. 

Third,  it  is  a  fact,  although  we  have  no  real  statistics  on  this 
point,  that  any  of  the  abnormalities  met  with  in  this  institution  can 
also  be  met  with  occasionally  in  the  children  of  any  class  or  social 
position. 

And  fourth,  the  real  object  of  the  exposure  of  the  abnormalities 
of  these  children  is  not  only  to  show  their  physical  standing,  but 
also  to  show  the  way  to  repair  or  compensate  for  the  inborn  defects, 
or  the  consecjuences  of  previous  afflictions  of  these  individuals. 

We  will  now  a]5proach  the  data  obtained  by  the  examinations.  In 
this  place  only  the  total  figures  will  be  given;  the  details  will  be 
found  in  the  various  sections  of  the  study. 

Among  the  634  white  males  examined,  58,  or  a  little  over  9  per 
cent.,  show  no  abnormality  whatever  on  any  part  of  their  body. 
Among  the  274  white  girls  examined,  there  were  35,  or  almost  13 
per  cent.,  on  whose  body  there  was  nothing  atypical.  From  among 
the  66  negro  boys,  5,  or  7.6  per  cent.,  were  entirely  normal,  while 
out  of  the  26  colored  girls  there  were  7,  or  almost  27  per  cent.,  who 
showed  no  irregularities. 

Thus  about  one-seventh  of  all  the  inmates  of  the  New  York  Juve- 
nile Asylum  are  without  a  blemish  on  their  bodies.  This  proportion 
may  perhaps  seem  somewhat  small  to  those  who  are  not  accus- 


Hrdlicka.  15 

tomed  to  close  examinations  of  cither  children  or  adults.  Those 
who  have  closely  examined  numerous  individuals  know  that  a 
bodv  perfect  in  all  its  parts  is  rare  in  any  class  of  either 
young  subjects  or  grown  people.  This  fact  can  be  appreciated  by 
every  intelligent  observer,  even  though  he  be  not  an  anthropologist, 
if  he  will  closely  scrutinize  his  acquaintances,  or  his  friends,  and 
even  himself  and  his  own  children.  He  will  see  so  many  irregular 
ears,  teeth,  heads,  faces,  etc.,  that  instead  of  regarding  14  per  cent, 
as  too  small  a  percentage  of  normality,  h.e  will  wonder  at  the  extent 
of  this  proportion. 

It  will  be  noticed  from  the  above  figures  that  the  girls  show  a 
better  physical  standing  in  both  the  white  and  colored  children,  and 
also  that  the  colored  boys  seem  to  be  physically  somewhat  inferior 
to  the  white  ones.  But  it  should  be  remembered  in  the  first  place 
that  we  have  not  examined  the  genital  organs  and  the  gluteal  region 
of  the  female  children.  If  we  eliminate  these  same  items  with  the 
boys,  we  obtain  as  entirely  typical  89,  or  14  per  cent.,  of  the  white, 
and  7,  or  10.6  per  cent.,  of  the  colored  subjects,  which  proportions 
are  nearer  to  those  obtained  in  the  girls.  I  hardly  doubt  but  that, 
would  we  examine  also  the  above-mentioned  parts  in  the  female 
children,  the  proportion  of  abnormalities  in  the  two  sexes  would  be 
nearlv  alike.  As  to  the  somewhat  greater  apparent  inferiority  of 
the  colored  boys,  I  am  afraid  that  the  number  of  these  examined  is 
too  small  to  allow  us  to  form  any  definite  conclusions.  It  has  been 
always  my  experience,  in  examinations  outside  of  the  Juvenile  Asy- 
lum, to  find  the  negroes  in  the  average  physically  superior  to  the 
whites  and  possessing  less  of  abnormalities,  which  fact  is  also  well 
exemplified  in  our  colored  girls,  and  will  be  shown  in  the  item  where 
will  be  stated  the  proportions  of  abnormalities  to  the  different 
groups  of  children  with  the  same  abnormalities. 

Out  of  the  remaining  children,  that  is,  those  who  show  one  or 
several  atypical  physical  characters,  there  were  112,  or  17.7  per 
cent.,  white,  and  11,  or  16.7  per  cent.,  colored  boys,  and  ^2,  or  263 
per  cent.,  white,  and  5,  or  19.2  per  cent.,  colored  girls,  wdio  pre- 
sented, only  one  single  abnormality.  The  abnormality  which  these 
children  showed  was  in  many  cases  but  a  slight  one,  and  we  really 
ought  to  count  most  of  the  individuals  of  this  group  among  the 
entirelv  normal  subjects. 


l6  AXTIIKOI'OLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS. 

The  number  of  physically  inferior  children  is  not  easy  to  ascertain. 

We  have  two  distinct  criteria  by  which  to  determine  an  abnormal 
subject,  namely,  the  gravity  of  the  atypical  characters  the  individual 
presents,  or  simply  the  number  of  these  characters.  Neither  of  these 
criteria  is  entirely  satisfactory.  We  have  not  the  knowledge  to  be 
able  to  judge  of  the  exact  significance  and  gravity  of  every  abnor- 
mality; and,  on  the  other  hand,  the  simple  number  of  irregularities 
on  a  body  does  not  express  their  import  and  hence  the  real  state  of 
the  body.  However,  the  latter  criterion,  which  deals  with  the 
numbers  and  not  the  gravity  of  the  abnormalities,  is  to  be  here 
preferred  as  about  equally  efficient  to  the  first  and  very  much  more 
simple  and  certain. 

How  many  atypical  characters  ought  a  subject  to  have  in  order 
to  be  considered  an  exception  among  the  average  children?  There 
is  no  pre-established  standard  for  this,  and  the  formation  of  our 
standard  will  be  quite  arbitrary.  On  the  basis  of  general  scientific 
principles,  and  as  a  result  of  a  thorough  study  of  the  subject  in 
question,  I  think  it  will  be  safe  to  mark  all  those  children  as  excep- 
tional in  whom  more  than  one-half  of  the  parts  of  the  body  exam- 
ined presented  each  one  or  more  abnormalities. 

There  were  of  such  children  62,  or  9.8  per  cent.,  among  the  white, 
and  8,  or  12. i  per  cent.,  among  the  colored  boys,  and  16,  or  5.8  per 
cent.,  among  the  white,  and  i,  or  3.8  per  cent.,  among  the  colored 
girls. 

There  is  not  much  difference — at  least  no  difference  which  we 
have  not  already  observed — according  to  the  color  of  the  children; 
but  there  is  a  decided  difference  between  the  males  and  the  females 
of  both  the  whites  and  the  negroes,  the  females  showing  a  much 
smaller  proportion  of  subjects  with  numerous  abnormalities. 

The  percentages  of  children  in  this  class  are  not  very  extraor- 
dinary. It  should  be  noticed  that  if  we  take  away  the  two  extremes, 
the  physically  entirely  normal  individuals  and  those  with  many 
abnormalities,  that  we  have  remaining  fully  four-fifths  of  all  the 
children  examined  as  those  with  intermediary  conditions.  Should 
we,  for  the  sake  of  illustration,  express  the  physical  condition  of  the 
children  by  such  terms  is  fine,  medium  and  bad,  the  fine  and  bad 
would  embrace  in  all  192  individuals,  while  808  would  remain  as 
medium. 


^ 


^ 


I 


I  I  I 


i=: 


w 


:S: 


M 


Itl 


l'i\ 


z.l. 


m 


^ 


Hrdlicka.  17 

The  average  proportion  of  abnomialities  to  the  whole  number 
of  subjects  with  same  were  found  to  be  as  follows:  Proportion  to 
eacli  white  boy,  2.71 ;  to  each  colored  boy,  2.60;  to  each  white  girl, 
2.33 ;  to  each  colored  girl,  2.05. 

I  doubt  very  much  whether  similarly  careful  and  extensive  records 
on  any  1,000  ordinary  children  of  similar  ages  outside  of  the  insti- 
tution would  show  figures  greatly  different  from  those  above.  Of 
course,  in  the  children  of  the  wealthy  classes  we  may  find  that 
certain  of  the  abnormalities  have  been  corrected  by  the  physician, 
dentist,  oculist  or  trainer. 

Excluding  the  children  in  whom  one-half  or  more  of  the  parts  of 
the  body  examined  show  some  abnormality,  I  think  it  would  be 
safe  to  consider  the  remaining  inmates  of  the  asylum,  so  far  as 
abnormalities  are  concerned,  as  fairly  average  children. 

The  different  number  of  abnormalities  observed  in  dift"erent  sub- 
jects give  us  a  basis  for  several  interesting  curves  which  illustrate 
very  nicely  the  averages  and  the  extremes  of  the  physical  condition 
of  the  children,  according  to  their  color  and  sexes.  These  curves, 
which  do  not  need  much  comment,  are  here  reproduced.  We  can 
notice  principally  the  aggregation  of  the  bulk  of  the  children  within 
the  first  three  or  four  columns,  that  is,  near  to  the  normal.  It  can  be 
seen,  further,  that  all  the  curves  in  the  white  and  in  the  colored,  and 
in  the  males  as  well  as  in  the  females,  present  almost  tlie  same  figure. 

The  somewhat  more  erratic  curves  in  the  negroes  are  undoubtedly 
due  to  small  numbers  of  individuals  which  enter  into  their  formation. 

The  next  step  in  the  analysis  of  the  observed  abnormalities  will 
be  a  division  of  these  characters  according  to  the  parts  of  the  body 
on  which  they  were  detected. 

I  will  give  here  several  rows  of  figures  which  will  show  the  per- 
centage of  the  abnormalities  on  each  separate  part  of  the  body  in 
the  white  children,  and  next  to  these  I  will  place  similar  percentages 
obtained  on  negro  children.  The  latter  figures  are  still  somewhat 
influenced  by  the  small  number  of  subjects. 

These  data  have  no  relation  to  the  amount  of  abnormalities  ob- 
served in  the  different  classes  of  children.  They  simply  express  the 
relative  frequency  of  the  various  irregularities  in  different  portions 
of  the  body. 


i8  Anthropological  Investigations. 

The  table  is  arrang;ed  in  such  a  way  that  the  white  males  are  taken 
as  a  standard  for  the  headings,  and  we  proceed  from  the  minimum 
of  percentages  to  the  maximum  of  same: 

Percentage  of  Abiioniialifics  of  the  Different  Parts  of  the  Body,  zuith 
Rcfereiiee  to  the  Total  of  Abnormalities. 


"5 

c 

White    male, 
genital  abuor- 
m  ali  ties  ex- 
cluded. 

0 

15 

Colored  male. 

Colored    male, 
freoital  abnor- 
m  al i t  i  es  ex- 
cluded. 

Colored  female. 

% 

% 

""i'69 
2.09 
2.95 
6  15 
6  43 
8.97 
9.11 
9.33 
9-62 
]!.7i 
15.99 
20.83 

% 

0.20 

1.17 

3.n5 
1  61 
8.24 
6  45 
8.96 
10.75 
5.73 
5  56 
12.00 
15  77 
20.40 

0;, 

"o.u 

0.H4 
9.55 
3.18 
9  55 
8  28 
9.55 

12.74 
6.37 

12  74 
9.55 

17.20 

% 

6.76 

0.70 
11  53 

3.84 
11.53 
10.00 
11  53 
15  38 

7  69 
15.38 
11.53 

% 

6.90 
1.75 
2.47 
5.12 
5.3H 
7.47 
7.6" 
7.78 
8.02 
9  76 
13.32 
13.74 
16.70 

ifair 

Liml)s 

Head                                   

12.20 
4.90 

Teet  b 

4.90 

7.32 

2.44 

Body               

14.63 

9.75 

19.50 

Palate    

25.00 

It  appears  from  the  above  table  that  more  abnormalities  are  found 
in  both  white  and  colored  children  on  the  parts  about  the  head,  in- 
cluding the  face  and  the  mouth,  than  on  all  the  rest  of  the  body. 
Abnormalities  of  the  palate,  the  ear,  and  particularly  those  of  the 
male  genitals,  are  the  most  frequent. 

In  but  a  very  few  parts  of  the  body  is  there  any  decided  difiference 
in  the  percentages  of  the  abnormalities  between  the  two  sexes. 
Atypical  forms  of  the  palate^are  relatively  much  more  frequent  in 
the  female  than  they  are  in  the  male,  which  fact  is  especially  notice- 
able in  the  colored  children. 

The  forehead  was  found  more  frequently  deformed  in  the  male, 
both  white  and  colored.  The  limbs  are  somewhat  more  often  ab- 
normal in  some  respect  in  the  females,  again  in  both  white  and 
colored.  The  teeth  of  the  colored  girls  appear  to  be  more  regular 
than  those  of  the  colored  boys.  The  face  is  decidedly  more  often 
abnormal  in  the  boys.  The  bodies  of  the  white  girls  appear  to  be 
in  average  more  free  from  irregularities  than  the  bodies  of  the 
white  boys;  in  the  colored  children  we  notice  no  difiference. 


Fig.   3. — Advanced  scaphocephaly.     1  mo   to   pr.iiiaturo   union   of  sagittal   suture,   as   a 
consequence  of  -which  the  head  becomes  very  long  and  narrow. 


Fto.  3.— L.itcral  View. 


IIkdlicka. 


19 


The  differences  between  the  white  ami  the  colorL-il  cliildren  are 
not  as  well  defined  as  they  would  be  if  we  had  sutfieicnt  nuinl)ers  of 
the  colored  subjects.  It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  anionj^  the 
colored  children  there  were  found  none  with  strabismus;  further, 
that  the  head  of  the  colored  children  in  both  sexes  shows  less  fre- 
quent irregularities,  and  the  limbs,  also,  in  both  sexes,  more  frequent 
irregularities,  than  is  the  case  in  the  white  children.  The  teeth  and 
the  face  in  the  colored  girls  are  less  frequently  affected  than  they 
are  among  the  white  girls.  The  differences  in  the  palate,  which 
seem  so  apparent  are  chiefly  due  to  the  small  number  of  the  colored 
subjects. 

I  will  give  next  iJic  z'arictics  of  abnonnalitics  z^'Jiicli  zcci'c  obscnrd  m 
connection  zi'ith  the  different  parts  of  the  body.  In  this  case  we  will 
follow  the  parts  of  the  body  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  in- 
spected. Abnormalities  about  the  serious  nature  of  which  there  is 
no  doubt  will  be  printed  in  italics. 


Abnornialitics  of  the  Head. 


NunibfT  of  rliildren  examined  . 
Total  number  of  abnoniialiiies. 


Jf-arf  very  large  (after  a  hydrocephalus) 

Head  v>'r<j  high  

Head  verii  narrate 

Ht'id  asymetrical,  or  irregular 

Scaphocephahis 

l)epies8ioii  about  one  or  more  ot  the  sutures. 

Klijvation  about  coronal  suture 

I'itriftes  very  prominent. 

Parietal  bosses  pointed  

Oiclpnt  very  prominent 

Occiput  flat'tcped  in  somi  pait 

Occiput  irregular    

Ketromastoid  region  very  prominent 


White. 


Male.     Female. 


634 

Si 


274 

66 

36 

5 

—^ 



i 

i 

1 

Colored. 


Male.      Female. 


26 
2 


Abnornialitics  of  the  Scalp. 


Xumbor  of  children  examined  . 
Total  numbjr  of  abnormalities 


Plexi  of  veins 


631 


274 
1 


86 


28 


20 


Anthropological  Investigations. 
Abnormalities  of  the  Hair. 


Number  of  children  examined  . 
Total  uumber  of  abuormalities. 


Alopecia  (not  traceable  to  disease) 

Alopecia  areata  (not  traceable  to  disease) 

Several  shades  of  color 

SInch  hair  over  the  forehead 

Double  hair  whiil  behind 

Triple  vvhiil  behind 

Hair  wliirl  abi'Ve  the  forehead 

Double  whirl  above  the  forehead 


Male.      Female. 


624 
29 


Colored 


Male.      Female. 


274 
17 


Abnormalities  of  the  Forehead. 


Number  of  children  examined  . 
Total  number  of  abnormalities 


Very  high 

Very  low ■ 

Very  narrow 

Sloping 

Asymmetrical 

Square ■ 

Frontal  bnmn's proininent 
Prominent  iu  centre  


634 
41 


274 
10 


Abnormalities  of  the  Face. 


Number  of  children  examined  . 
Total  number  of  abnormalities 


Atymmetrieal 

Smaller  on  lejt 

Smaller  011  right 

Very  hmg 

Esquimaux  like 

Lower  part  heavy 

Brows  heavy 

Eyes  deep  set 

Eyei  unequal  in  poaition  .. 

Eye  slits  oblique 

Wall  of  left  orbit  irregular 

Mongolic  folds 

Cantlii  deficient 

Right  iris  double  color 


Nose  deflected 

Nose  irregular 

Nose  flat 

Nose  low 

Nose  broad  root 

Nose  septum  low 

Nose  septum  deficient . 


Vault  of  superior  maxillary  low  . 

Left  labial  angle  lower 

Lips  thick 


Chin  pointed.   . 
Chin  receding  . 


634 

129 


274 
32 


Fig.    4.— Hair  whirl   above   the   forehead;    tendency   to  a   double  whirl   in   this   case. 
Anomaly,  congenital,  causation  uncertain. 


Fir,. 
Due  to 


.'■,,- Doubl 
defect  in 


o   lobulo   of   right   car.    Anomaly,    apparently   congenital   in    this   case, 
the  dLVclopmcut  of  tije  part. 


Fig.    6.   a.— Flaring  ears.    Anomaly,  of  congenital  origin,  causation  uncertain. 


Fig.  f,  b. 


Hkdlkka. 
Abnormalities  of  the  Ears. 


21 


Number  of  children  examined  . 
Total  Dumber  of  abnormalities 


UncTeu 

lireguliir   

Kijibt  normal,  left  abnormal 

I,eft  normal,  rislit  abnormal 

Deficieiit  in  evolulion 

Lower  part  deficii'nt  in  evolation   

Upper  one-third  deticienl  in  evolnlion. 

Thick 

Flaring 

Upper  balf  flarind 

Bent  on  thi-mselvrs 

Upper  one  third  bent  on  itself 

nelices  deficient  

deformed 

compressed   

overhausing 

very  thick 

Ante  helices  deficient 

irregular 

very  prominent  

Lobiileg  deficient 

heavy  

adherent 

Right  lobnle  bilobe  


White. 


Male. 


631 
222 


Female. 


274 

88 


COLOBED. 


Male.      Female. 


Abnormalities  of  the  Gums. 


Number  of  children  examined. 
Total  number  of  abnormalities 


Asymmetrical 

Defect  in  middle  of  both 

Massive  buth  

Trogriathic 

I'pper  — 

asymmetrical   

irietiutar    

prognalhic 

nai  row  ii)  front  

V-shaped   

massive 

fl.it 

Lower  — 

asvmraetrical 

p'dygonal 

i)ony  ])rominence   

rj)I»r  Libi;il   trennin  low 

Mucoii-i  infinbiane  adherent. 


634 
163 


274 


Abnormalities  of  the  Teeth— Dentition. 


Number  of  children  e.^camined. 
Total  number  of  abiiormalitiis 


Wanting  — 

left  bicn.'ipid 

lower  second  incisors  

all  Xrcoiid  ineixnrg 

Kefond  left  inci.sors 

»econil  iipp  r  incisors  

sec  >nd  bit  upper  and  lower  incisors 

Supei  nnmeraiy  — 

an  incisor  in  both  jaws 

double  teeth  in  place  of  lower  incisor  and  canine... 
Loft  upper  canine  double ■ 


274 
2 


26 


22 


Anthropological  Investigations. 
Abnormalities  of  the  Teeth — Denture. 


NntubiT  of  children  examined.. 
Total  number  of  abnormalities  . 

Very  large 

Diminutive 

Canines  very  liigh 

wiih  tubercles 

Incisors  with  tubercles 

Corrn nations  on  teeth 

Tft-fh  inverted        

Incisr.rs  irregularly  set 

Canines  iireanlarly  set 

Diasteniii?  aiound  one  or  more  teetli 


White. 

C GLOBED. 

Male,      remale. 

1 

Male. 

Female. 

634 
116 

_ 

274 
48 

66 
15 

26 
2 

1 

i 

6 

1 
3 

_ 

10 

4 

11 

7 

1 

2 

11 

4 

3 
1 
22 
"3 
14 

I 

26 

3 

i 

3 

41 

i 

Abnormalities  of  the  Palate. 


Xumber  of  children  examined. . . 
Total  number  ot  abnormalities., 

Asynimetriciil 

Irregular 

Broad  

Narrow 

Hish 

Shallow 

Hijih  and  narrow 

Vsbapi  d  ;inteiiorlv 

Gol  hie   '. 

Small 

Torus. 


63t 
2l'» 

~~3? 
1 
1 
81 
69 
1 
7 
4 
5 


274 
114 

66 
15 

2& 
10 

26 

29 

43 

j 

14 

2 
1 

4 

3 

i 

4 

a 

6- 

Abnormalities  of  the  Uvula. 


Xun,ber  of  children  examined 

Total  numbiT  of  abnormalities 

Deformed  

Very  long 

Vei  V  fmali 

Bipid 

More  posteriiir  than  usual 

Deflected  to  l.-ft 

Deflect"  d  to  light 

Absent  

Could  not  be  examined  on  accouut  of  excessive  sensitiveness 


6''4 

274 

129 

62 

3 

1 

4 

3 

7 

2 

1 

42 

29 

67 

25 

1 

1 

3 

2 

66 
15 

25 
4 

i 

7 

G 

i 

1 

2 

i 

Abnormalities  of  the  Limbs. 


Number  of  children  examined. 
Total  number  of  abnoimalities 


TTands  long 

Left  upper  limb  smaller  than  right 

ICigh t  arm  smaller  than  lejt 

Kiulit  humerus  bent  forward 

Right  Innb  small  and  shoit 

Curvature  of  femur 

Cuivature  of  bones  of  the  leg 

Legu  and  feet  abnormally  i-hort 

Limbs  below  kneeH  uniform  in  size  (not  cedema). 

Feet  very  long 

Fore  part  of  feet  very  broad 


631 
95 


274 
46 


Fig.  7.— Polygonal  lower  jaw,  adult.  The  teeth  do  not  form  an  arch,  but  a  figure  with 
three  straight  sides.  Anomaly,  probably  of  congenital  origin,  though  late  in  develop- 
ment, and  accentuated  by  strong  canines.    Occurs  typically  in  lower  jaw  only. 


Fig.    8,    a.— Canines    surmounted    by    a    tuljercle. 
Anomaly,    acquired,    probably    of    rachitic  origin.* 


Fio.  9.— Teeth  showing  marked  indentations,   in   rows.    Anomaly,  acquired,   probably 
of  rachitic  origin. 


•See   Anthropolog.    Studies   of   the  Syracuse   Feeblc-Minded   Childn-.i     oy    ih' 
(SupplemenUl  Report  of  the  Institution,  189S). 


Hrdlicka. 
Abnormalities  of  the  Limbs — (Continued). 


23 


Toes: 

First  toos  very  lonj; 

First  toes  very  sboi  t 

Second  toe  lonjier  ihan  first  and  third 

Secoud  toe  shorter  than  third 

Second  toe  bent  outward 

Second  toe  overlap  third 

Second  toe  contracted 

Second  toes  jioiut  downward  and  outward 

S>  cond  and  third  toes  louser  than  tiist 

Si'coud  and  tliird  toes  pai  tly  joined  at  base 

Markeil  spaces  between  tirst  and  second  toes.. 

Tliird  toes  longer  than  second  and  fourth 

Third  toes  shorter  than  second  and  fourth 

Third  ti  es contracted 

Third  toes  point  inwaril  and  downward 

Tliird  and  foiirtli  toes  diminutive 

Fourth  toe  h'n^er  tlian  tliird    

Fourth  and  tilth  toes  much  smaller  than  third. 

Fifth  ti  o  very  short 

Depiessiou  in  heel 

(  Taltooing  on  limbs) 


White. 


Colored. 


Male.     Female.  1    Male.      Female, 


(10) 


Abnormalities  of  the  Body. 


Xumber(f  children  examined. 
Total  number  of  abnormaliliea 


634 
133 


Frail 

A  JI «'//!  ic — 

ilarasmatic 

Left  svde  ihoTler  than  right 

Left  side  utronijer  than  right 

Lower  half  of  the  body  ttrongegt  (rachitic)   

Shouhlers  very  sloping 

right  lower 

left  lower 

right  narrow 

rijiht  smaller  than  left 

Clavicles  bent  upwards 

Supraclavicula'-  space  very  small 

Suprasternal  depressiou  very  large 

Chest: 

nat 

promitieht  on  left 

deformed  in  front 

left  side  larger 

left  tide  smaller 

deformed  irri  gularly 

prominent  in  middle,  or  chicken-breasted 

protruding  in  a  summit 

left  edge  of  iterrtum  higher 

receding  in  centre  -. 

depregtion  over  strrnum 

fiattemng  Ijelow  clavicles 

right  itide  of  chei't  jlat 

depression  over  caitiUges  below  nipples 

groove  below  sternum • 

marked  prominent  hollow  over  Cth,  Ith,  Sth  and  9th  rxbl 

right  side  of  chefit  narrow 

double  large  fattgfold  in  front  of  axilUe 

dark  spots  over  chest  and  abdomen 

Dorsal  spine  inclin'd 

spinal  curvature  (jii'mianeni) - 

whirl  of  bair  over  upper  dorsal  region 

Skin  pigmented 


274 
31 


24 


Anthropological  Investigations. 
Abnormalities  of  the  Body— (Continued). 


Abdomen  : 

umbilical  hernia 

inguinal  hernia,  left 

Kight  hip  protuiuent 

Buttocks : 

gluteal  fold  long  

gluteal  fold  very  short 

gluteal  fold  oblique 

buttocks  very  piotuinent 

gluteal  fold  inclined  to  right. 


White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

2 

3 

i 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 
6 

1 

Abnormalities  of  the  Genitals. 


JJ umber  of  children  examined  . 
Total  number  of  abnormalities 


Penis  very  large 

very  long  

very  short   

very  small 

Glans  small  

Penis  flexed  to  left 

Phimotes 

Piepuce  adherent 

contracted 

narrow 

very  long  and  thickened 

Hypospadiasis 

Scrotum  almost  absent .-. 

Testicles  absent 

Oue  testicle  absent 

One  testicle  not  descended  (but  palpable) . 

Both  testicles  not  descended  " 

Testicles  cerj/  small 

relatively  large 

Varicocele  on  left  testicle 

^yhite  spots  ou  base  of  penis 


634 

277 

274 
f 

66 

27 

2 

8 

1 

6 

16 

i 

1 

i 

I 

1 

5 

q 

1 

1 
9fl 

1^3 

1 

in 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

fi 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

The  principal  facts  wliich  the  preceding  data  reflect  are  the 
following : 

The  variety  of  the  irregularities  observed  in  the  children  of  the 
Juvenile  Asylum  is  very  great.  There  is  no  one,  nor  any  set  of  the 
abnormalities,  which  runs  through  such  a  number  of  subjects,  that 
we  could  consider  it  typical  of  the  asylum  children,  or  of  any  similar 
class.  There  is  no  abnormal  type  of  individuals  present  in  the  insti- 
tution: whatever  abnormal  individuals  there  may  be  there  are  but 
exceptions. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  observed  abnormalities  is  of  but 
a  slight  character,  and  of  very  little  objective  or  subjective  effect  on 


Fig.  10.— Second  and  third  toes  united  for  about  half  their  length  from  their  base 
(two  subjects).  Congenital  anomaly,  various  degrees  of  which  are  very  common  both 
In  children  and  adults. 


Hrdlicka.  25 

the  individual.  These  characters  will  interfere  but  very  little,  if 
at  all,  with  any  progress  in  life  of  which  the  child  may  be  otherwise 
capable. 

In  addition  to  the  above  data,  I  have  endeavored  to  pick  out  and 
contrast  the  different  ob}wr}>iaIities  according  to  their  origin.  It  was 
found  that  the  majority  of  the  atypical  characters  can  be  referred  lo 
three  classes  of  origin,  that  is,  either  among  the  inborn,  or  con- 
genital characters,  which  are  not  due  to  any  disease  or  injury;  or 
among  those  which  were  acquired  through  some  pathological 
process;  or  among  those  which  were  acquired  through  some  habit 
of  the  individual. 

In  about  one-third  of  all  the  abnormalities  the  origin  was  not 
certain,  and  all  these  cases  were  included  in  the  group  which  will 
be  marked  "  Origin  questionable."  The  result  of  this  part  of  the 
analysis  is  shown  by  the  following  interesting  figures: 

The  proportion  of  congenital  abnormalities  was  in  the  white 
males  as  1.52  to  each  subject  examined,  or,  approximately,  there 
were  three  of  such  abnormalities  to  each  two  white  boys.  Similar 
proportions  in  the  white  females  were  1.07  to  each  individual,  or, 
approximately,  one  to  each  child. 

In  the  colored  male  and  female  the  proportions  were  respectively 
1.03  and  0.73  to  each  child. 

Thus  abnormalities  of  congenital  origin  are  considerably  more 
frequent,  in  both  white  and  colored  males,  than  they  are  in  the 
females  of  the  two  classes. 

Furthermore,  congenital  abnormalities  in  both  sexes  of  the  white 
children  are  considerably  more  numerous  than  they  are  in  th.o  cor- 
responding sexes  of  the  colored  subjects.  The  colored  children  are 
born  more  free  from   physical  defects  than  are  the  white  children. 

As  to  the  abnormalities  acquired  through  some  pathological 
process,  we  obtained  the  following  proportions  in  the  different 
classes  of  children. 

In  the  white  male  there  were  0.56  of  such  acquired  character  to 
each  child,  and  about  i   such  irregularity  in  each  two  individuals. 


26  Anthropological  Investigations. 

In  while  girls  the  proportion  is  0.50  to  each  child,  or  exactly  i  la 
each  individual. 

In  the  colored  male  similar  proportion  is  0.88  to  each  individual, 
which  would  make  approximately  two  of  such  abnormalities  in  every 
three  boys;  while  in  the  colored  female  the  number  was  o.bS  to 
each  child,  which  would  make  about  three  abnormalities  to  every 
four  children. 

The  figures  just  given  show  that  acc^uired  abnormalities  through 
pathological  processes  are,  in  opposition  to  congenital  abnormali- 
ties, considerably  more  frequent  in  the  colored  children  of  both 
sexes  than  they  are  in  the  white. 

In  both  classes  of  children  we  again  notice  a  somewhat  larger 
proportion  of  the  irregularities  in  the  male  children. 

Of  abnormalities  acquired  by  habit  the  white  males  show  O.125 
to  each  person,  or  i  to  8  individuals;  the  white  female  children 
0.04,  or  about  i  in  26  individuals.  In  the  colored  children  similar 
proportions  were  respectively  0.16  in  the  boys  and  o.io.  to  each  child 
in  the  girls,  or  about  i  to  6  in  the  male  and  i  to  9  in  the  female 
individuals. 

In  both  white  and  colored  children,  abnormalities  acquired  by 
habit  are  seen  to  be  more  frequent  in  the  boys  than  they  are  in  the 
girls,  and  in  the  negro  children  of  both  sexes  the  proportion  cf 
these  characters  preponderates  over  that  found  in  the  white  children. 

The  characters  whose  origin  is  questionable  are  found  in  almost 
equal  proportions  in  the  different  classes  of  children ;  there  are  about 
2  of  such  characters  to  3  children,  excepting  the  colored  boys, 
where  the  proportion  was  found  only  about  i  in  2  individuals. 

To  sum  lip  in  a  few  words  the  results  of  the  data  just  given,  ive 
find  that  on  an  average  all  classes  of  ahnormalities  predominate  in  the 
male  children,  both  zvhite  and  colored.  This  predominwicc  is  especially 
marked  in  the  case  of  the  irregularities  acquired  by  habit. 

The  zvhite  and  colored  children  differ  in  their  abnormalities  very  re- 
markably. The  zvhite  children  of  both  se.ves  possess  on  an  average  a 
decidedly  larger  proportion  of  inborn  abnormalities.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  negro  children  acquire  in  early  life  a  larger  percentage  of  irregu- 
larities than  the  zvhite  children.     These  facts  signify  that    zvhile  the 


Hrdlicka.  27 

zi'liite  children  arc  more  likely  to  be  begotten  with  physical  deficiencies, 
yet  later  in  life  they  tvill  not  undergo  so  many  pathological  processes 
zvJiich  giz'e  rise  to  physical  abnormalities,  as  z^'ill  the  negro  children. 
Rachitis  seems  to  be  particularly  more  frequent  in  the  colored. 

A  large  number  of  the  lighter  congenital  abnormalities  in  no 
way  reflects  badly  on  the  individual's  history,  and  dees  not  show  any 
predispositions  of  the  child.  Science  has  been  as  yet  unable  to  trace 
to  their  real  causes  such  atypical  characters  or  irregularities  as  those 
of  the  ears,  or  those  of  the  toes,  or  some  of  those  of  the  teeth,  the 
palate  or  the  uvula;  and  experience  teaches  plentifully  that  there  is 
but  very  little  or  no  practical  significance  to  these  characters. 

The  sum  total  of  my  observations  on  the  abnormalities  of  the 
inmates  of  the  New  York  Juvenile  Asylum  leads  me  to  conclude, 
as  before  stated,  that  we  have  here  to  deal  with  a  class  of  children, 
the  large  majority  of  whom,  so  far  as  physical  abnormalities  are 
concerned,  are  fairly  average  individuals. 

There  are  many  irregularities  in  the  children  which  are  due  .0 
neglect  and  can  and  ought  to  be  corrected. 

A  small  proportion  of  the  inmates  apparently  are  the  children  of 
unhealthy  parents,  as  a  result  of  which  descendance  they  have  fallen 
subject  to  states  of  malnutrition  or  to  rachitis,  which  conditions  left 
them  with  numerous  physical  abnormalities. 

I  found  no  single  child,  whom  I  could  conscientiously  term  a 
thorough  physical  degenerate. 

To  conclude  this  subject  I  will  give  here  a  table  illustrating  the 
proportions  of  congenital  and  acquired  abnormalities  according  to 
the  different  parts  of  the  body. 


28 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


Total  of  Ab)ion)ialitics — White  Males. 


^ 

o 

p 

^  m 

p 

S  o 

£  P 

^ 

^- 

.2  - 

^ 

=*5 

^ 

e«  3 

■a 

4) 

<M 

be 

's,a 

P 

e 

P 

Co 

O   10 

:j 

<1 

'A 

0 

Head      . .          

74 

15 

Hair                                                                  

26 
15 
51 

2 
25 
68 

""26 

7 

59 

""54 
14 

1 

""it 

1 

1 

10 

Eves                  .        ..                       

15 

221 
67 
51 
88 
14 
5 
60 

275 

873 

Teeth                           

37 

104 

81 

112 

Bodv                                       ..           

2 

11 

1 

Totals    

324 

72 

390 

Percentages 

40 

10 

4 

18 

1^52" 

.56 

712" 

.67 

Total  of  Abnormalities — White  Females. 


'^ 

0    . 

p 

«  g 

s 

ffi  c 

^ 

a 

c.^ 

.a 

.2  c 

00   0 

«.a 

^ 

^  fc- 

"S  a 

•a 

p 

<p  a. 

j> 

0 

§ 

If 

P 
e3 

0 

<:  ' 

0 

Head 

1 

26 

10 

Hair 

17 

1 
11 

8 
17 

1 

Face ...            

4 

Eves 

6 

Ears 

88 
19 
41 

4 

3 

Teeth 

27 

(iuius 

23 

3') 
I 

40 

'""is 

9 

44 

54 

Brdv 

1 

39 

4 

3 

Totals 

256 

120 

9 

173 

45 

21 

1 

30 

Pioportion  to  each  child  with  ahnormalilies 

1.07 

.50 

.003 

.71 

Hrdlicka. 


29 


Total  of  Abnonnalitics — Colored  Males. 


0  eo 

a 

3 

3  S 
«  2 

*a 

0 

9  « 

^ 

ct 

'5 

"^o 

— 

•=  a 

^ 

-A 

J 

res 

rt 

•a 

.*s 

R 

a 

■5  a 

s 

e 

a 

=*s 

C" 

0 

0 

U 

-») 

<5 

y 

Head 

5 
1 

""ii 

Hair 

1 
4 

Kaoe 

Ears 

20 

Terth 

•> 

10 

3 
10 
4 

13 

1 

GnuQS  

7 

8 

12 

"""io 

Palate 

4 

1 
1 

Uvula 

Boilv 

Linilo 

3 

27 

Totals 

63 

54 
34 

10 

6 

31 
19 

Percentages 

39^ 

Proportion  to  each  child  with  abDormalities 

1.03 

.88 

.16 

lo 

Total  of  Abnormalities — Colored  Females. 


2  * 

-  o 
53 
c-o 

U    00 


Head 

Forehead 

Hair 

i'ace 

Ears 

Teeth 

Guma 

Palate  .... 

V  vuia 

B.)dv 

Limbs 

GeDitals  . . 


Totals 

Percentages 

Proportion  to  each  child  with  abnormalities. 


34 


.73 


30 


AnTHROTOLOGICAL    IXVESTIGATIOXS. 


Lungs  and  Heart. 

It  will  be  well  to  add  in  this  place  the  results  of  the  examination 
of  the  thoracic  organs  in  the  children. 

It  was  rather  a  surprise  to  me  not  to  find  among  the  whole  i,ooo 
children  more  than  one  case  in  which  it  could  be  positively  said  that 
there  existed  a  consolidation  in  some  parts  of  the  lungs.  This  case 
was  that  of  a  small  negro  boy,  who  has  since  left  the  asylum ;  he  had 
a  consolidation  of  both  apices.  There  were  perhaps  a  dozen  addi- 
tional cases  in  which  percussion  sounds  over  the  apices  were  not 
as  clear  as  they  ought  to  be,  but  there  were  no  rales  audible,  nor 
were  there  present  any  other  signs  of  a  lung  trouble  in  these  indi- 
viduals. 

Notwithstanding  the  encouraging  results  of  the  examination  of 
the  lungs  of  the  inmates  of  the  asylum,  it  is  undoubtedly  a  fact  that 
a  certain  percentage  of  these  children  carry  a  predisposition  to  con- 
sumption, and  require  additional  care. 

The  heart  was  found  to  be  entirely  normal  in  955  cases  out  of  the 
1,000  children  examined.  In  10  other  cases  the  disturbance  of  the 
organ  was  light  and  might  have  been  but  temporary.  In  the  re- 
maining cases  the  disorders  found  were  as  follows: 


Heart  action  abnormally  rapid 

Heail  very  slow  (strong) 

Heart  very  feeble 

Heart  action  persistently  irrej;u1ar 

Systolic  munuiir 

liecidecl  tuitrel  insufficiency 

Cardiac  hypertrophy 


White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

2 

4 

3 

i 

1 

1 

7 
11 

i 

1 

2 

•    

The  colored  children,  as  the  preceding  figures  show,  are  much 
more  free  from  cardiac  disorders  than  are  the  white  children. 

The  disorders  observed  are  undoubtedly,  in  the  majority  of  the 
cases,  due  to  such  conditions  as  general  anaemia  or  neurasthenia, 
and  will  disappear  with  the  cure  of  the  latter. 

Of  the  few  organic  disorders  of  the  heart,  no  one  was  of  a  congeni- 
tal origin.  ! 


IIrdlicka.  31 

The  proportion  of  disorders  of  the  heart  in  the  asyhnn  children, 
as  expressed  by  the  above  figures,  cannot  be  considered  unusual. 

Lcft-Hondcdiicss. 

In  adcHtion  to  the  preceding  examinations  an  effort  was  made 
to  ascertain  the  number  of  left-handed  individuals  among  the  chil- 
'dren.  There  is  no  particular  significance  in  the  simple  fact  that  a 
person  is  left-handed,  or  at  least  we  know  as  yet  positively  of  no 
such  significance,  and  the  investigations  as  to  this  point  have  up  to 
now  been  largely  only  statistical. 

Among  the  1,000  inmates  of  the  asylum  there  were  6  left-handed 
boys  and  4  left-handed  girls.  In  some  of  these  subjects  the  left- 
handedness  probably  is  more  apparent  than  real  as,  in  2  of  the 
boys  and  3  of  the  girls,  notwithstanding  the  left-handedness.  the 
right  arm  was  found  to  be  the  stronger. 

Measurements  of  the  Children. 

The  measurements  of  the  children  ditTer  largely  according  to 
age  and  hence  they  cannot  be  treated  of  fully  before  we  approach 
the  second  part  of  the  report.  The  only  facts  which  I  can  bring 
forth  advantageously  in  this  place  are  a  few  notes  on  the  shapes  of 
the  heads,  in  several  of  the  larger  groups  of  children  of  different 
nationalities.  I  will  introduce  these  varir.tions  in  the  iirm  of  curves 
which  will  show  the  various  percentages  of  the  different  shapes  of 
heads  in  the  different  groups,  but  before  I  will  give  the  curves 
I  think  it  advisable  to  say  a  few  words  of  explanation  on  the  sul)ject. 

It  has  been  found  after  extensive  studies,  mainly  in  France,  Eng- 
land and  Germany,  that  the  shape  of  the  head  differs  quite  remark- 
ably, not  only  between  people  of  different  color,  but  also  am  nig  fam- 
ilies of  the  white  race,  and  that  these  differences  within  certain  limits 
are  quite  stable  with  each  such  family.  The  shape  of  the  head  is 
determined  principally  by  three  measurements,  namely  the  mixinium 
length,  the  maximum  width  and  the  height  of  the  cranium.  The 
percentage  derived  by  dividing  the  width  by  the  length  of  the  head 
gives  us  what  we  call  the  cephalic  index,  which  is  a  true  expression 
of  the  shape  of  the  horizontal  plane  of  the  head.  The  lower  the 
figure  of  this   cephalic   index  the  more   the   skull   approaches  the 


32  Anthropological  Investigations. 

shape  of  an  oval,  the  higher  the  index  the  more  the  head  is  round. 
In  a  g-cneral  way  all  heads  up  to  the  index  of  75  are  termed  long, 
skulls  from  75  up  to  80  medium,  and  skulls  above  80  short.  This 
explanation  I  think  will  add  to  the  interest  of  the  following  curves 
with  those  who  have  not  had  the  opportunity  to  give  special  atten- 
tion to  anthropometry. 

A  glance  over  the  curves  shows  that  the  shape  of  the  head  presents 
in  most  of  the  white  families  here  shown  a  considerable  variation. 
This  variation  bespeaks  a  far  advanced  mixture  of  the  families.  In 
the  Irish,  the  Italian  and  the  German  such  mixture  dates  from  cen- 
turies ago  and  may  even  reach  to  prehistoric  times.  Thus  the  Irish 
people  of  to-day  result  from  the  mixture  of  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  Erin  with  the  short-headed  Kelt  and  the  long-headed  Scotchman. 
The  Germans  of  to-day  are  a  combination  of  old  long-headed  Teu- 
tonic tribes  and  of  the  short-headed  Slav  and  Kelt.  The  Italians 
are  principally  a  mixture  of  Romans  and  Greeks,  of  short-headed 
Lydians,  and  of  long-headed  Teutonic  branches.  The  variety  in 
the  shape  of  the  head  among  the  American  children  is  a  result  of  the 
mixture  of  almost  all  the  human  families,  members  of  which  immi- 
grated here,  and  is  taking  place  at  the  present  epoch. 

The  heads  of  the  Russian  and  those  of  the  Syrian  children  are 
quite  uniform,  and  these  families  of  the  white  race  are  undoubtedly 
purer  than  are  any  of  those  mentioned  above.  It  ought  to  be  re- 
marked that  the  Russian  children  here  represented  were  all  except 
one,  Jews.  1 

The  colored  children  show  a  large  proportion  of  long  heads. 
j\Iost  of  the  subjects  with  the  shorter  heads  are  not  of  African  de- 
scent, but  from  the  West  Indies. 


:  :'J! 

^■! 

— r; 
— rt 

— -M 

— ^ 

— 4^ 

■^ 

m 

-n 

+r+-- 

1"tH 
-pLj- 

-rff 

-j-p- 
-rl4-, 

its 

II':' 
'  : 

i  !  1  i  . 

' 
-  + 

4-1-- 

r-j+t- 
i   I 

--j-i4- 

--^ 
i  1 

-H--r 
-j-i — 

i  1 1  i 
i  j  1 1  - 
1  j  1 1  - 

*^ 

.X 

'  i  '  i^ 

r 

-444- 
1 1 1  i 

-+^'-H 

-77-' ' '  i  i  ;^ 
-f4-4-Mr!iH 

: ; :  i-:-his 

i  !  i  i  1  i  i  !  1^ 

1  ■   !  1  i      !  1    'i 

i  1  i  1  i  i  i  ir 

mi 

,  'iM  !'; 

1  '  !  1  '  i  ^  ^  ''J 

i  !   ■  ''  i  '      1  :^ 

■'■I'll 

li  ii  M  i|  1' 

-j44--f4--f-L4 LJ-4__4.4 1_^,44_|_._^ 

i%jfefe^^||:::;-  = 

■  ill''!  ii>^i !  1  i '+-[ 1 ^-| ij 

-    41      -4-  x  it^,''s  i;      - « 4-  -  - 

li|4:''!^  Ml  l|  1    ih-liJ    II    H'l 
:F^4::SE±±::::::S:hJ:::?::: 

^i:-M::::±:::::+:::4::::::  i::::::^: 

O  ^a^t  o 


Qtanf 


«*M»U^- 


Hrdlicka. 


33 


PART  II. 

Detailed  Study. 

This  part  of  the  report  could  be  made  very  extensive,  but  I  will 
restrict  it  to  the  most  salient  facts.  Of  necessity,  I  will  have  to 
introduce  here  a  number  of  tables  of  figures. 

Inspection. 

I  have  not  much  additional  to  say  here  about  the  abnormalities 
found  in  the  children.  The  following  table  will  show  the  propor- 
tions of  abnormalities  to  the  number  of  children  found  to  present 
some  abnormality  according  to  their  different  ages. 

White  Children. 


Proportion  of 

Children  with 

Abnormalitieis  to 

Number  Examined. 

E.NTiBELY  Normal. 

Abnormalities. 

Nlsibeb  of 

AGE. 

Children. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5 

2 
15 
38 
56 
62 

2 
10 
34 
42 
45 

1 

3 

4 

3 

5 

8 

1 
15 
38 
53 

58 

2 
10 
31 
37 
37 

1.00 
2  93 
2.82 
3.15 
3.31 

4.00 

6 

2.00 

7 

2.26 

8 

2.41 

9 

2.59 

10 

98 

52 

16 

7 

82 

45 

2.80 

2.11 

11 

99 

40 

5 

9 

94 

31 

2.57 

2.19 

12 

93 

14 

9 

84 

14 

2.78 

2.21 

13 

86 

19 

10 

2 

76 

17 

2.88 

2.35 

14 

53 

10 

7 

1 

46 

9 

2.78 

2-89 

15 

20 

4 

3 

17 

4 

2.88 

2.50 

16 

9 

1 

9 

1 

(3.22) 

(3. CO) 

3 

i 

3 

i 

(3.67) 

18 



(2.00) 

634 

274 

58  !             35 

576 

239 

2.71 

2.33 

34 


Anthropological  Investigations. 
Colored  Children. 


AGE. 

NvMBEH  Examined. 

ExTiKELY  Normal. 

Children  with 
Abnormalities. 

Proportion-  of 

Abnokmalities 

TO  Number  of 

Children. 

Male.       Female. 

1 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5- 



i 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

i 

1 
4 

11 
6 
6 
7 

10 
7 
6 
2 

3 

1 
3 
2 
4 
3 
1 

2 

""i2'.bb) 

(3.001 
(3.00) 
2.64 
2.50 
1.17 
2.70 
2.60 
3.14 
3.17 
(2.00) 

6 

1 

7 

8 

1                   4 
5                   1 
12                  5 
6 

7                   6 

12.00) 
(3.00) 

9  

(1-67) 

10 

11 

(2.00) 
(2.50) 

12 

7 

12 
7 
6 
2 

3 

1 
2 
2 

(1-67) 

13 

(2.00) 

14 

15  

(3.00) 

16 

17 

18  

66 

26 

5 

7 

61 

19 

2.60 

2.05 

The  proportions,  it  can  be  seen,  show  no  very  great  variations. 
The  maximum  of  abnormalities  is  encountered  m  children  of  both 
sexes  at  the  ages  of  8  and  g.  In  the  female  another  maximum 
was  observed  at  14,  but  this  latter  is  in  all  probability  an  incorrect 
figure,  due  to  a  small  number  of  subjects  involved.  After  9  years 
of  age  the  proportion  of  abnormalities  to  every  child  drops  suddenly 
and  further  on  shows  only  insignificant  variations. 

We  do  not  encounter  the  same  proportions  of  the  same  abnor- 
malities in  the  children  of  dififerent  ages.  In  the  younger  children 
there  will  predominate  abnormalities  of  the  teeth,  of  the  gums,  of 
the  face  and  of  the  lower  limbs.  The  younger  the  child  is,  the  more 
frequently  we  find  irregularities  in  dentition,  massive  gums,  mon- 
golic  folds  at  the  inner  corners  of  the  eyes,  low  nose,  and  curA-atures 
of  the  lower  limbs.  Curvatures  of  the  long  bones  will  diminish  with 
the  age  of  the  children  and  may  finally  almost  disappear. 

Mongolic  folds  at  the  inner  canthi  of  the  eyes  are  very  much 
more  common  in  infants  than  they  are  in  children  above  6  years 
of  age,  and  eventually  they  also  will  disappear,  except  in  a  few 
female  subjects  where  they  may  persist  throughout  Hfe.  Massive 
gums  are  the  normal  condition  in  very  early  childhood.  After  8 
years  of  age,  and  probably  a  little  sooner,  they  can  be  considered 
abnormalities.  As  we  go  on  with  the  age  of  the  children,  massive 
gums  become  less  and  less  frequent,  and  after  the  puberty  period 


Hrdlicka.  35 

they  are  among  the  rare  abnormalities.  The  nose,  which  may  be 
very  low,  or  very  broad  at  the  root  in  very  early  age,  will  gradually 
assume  ordinary  proportions  and  lose  its  abnormal  aspect,  as  the 
child  grows  up. 

On  the  other  hand,  certain  abnormalities  will  increase  in  fre- 
quency with  the  age  of  the  children.  Such  is  the  case  principally 
with  many  of  the  abnormalities  of  the  cranium,  such  as  asym- 
metries of  the  head  and  depressions  or  elevations  along  the 
sutures.  Asymmetries  of  the  face  are  generally  well  detined  during 
childhood,  and  I  am  not  satisfied  whether  or  not  there  is  any  in- 
crease in  their  proportion  with  the  age.  Abnormalities  of  the  ears 
become  more  marked  and  also  increase  somewhat  in  proportion 
from  infancy  onward.  All  the  habit  abnormalities  tend  to  increase 
in  proportion  as  we  advance  from  early  childhood.  From  my  ob- 
servations of  adults  and  adolescents  outside  of  the  Institution,  I  think 
that  after  the  age  of  15  or  16,  these  abnormalities  tend  again  to 
diminish,  a  'certain  proportion  of  them  being  spontaneously  cor- 
rected. Irregularities  of  the  palate  increase  with  age.  About  those 
of  the  uvula  I  am  uncertain  though  they  also  seem  to  increase  in 
frequency  with  age.  Certain  abnormal  gums  do  not  become 
manifest  until  after  the  subject  has  reached  a  certain  age.  Such  is 
principally  the  polygonal  gum.  Prognathism  of  the  gums  is  also 
not  marked  in  early  childhood;  it  begins  to  show  from  the  fourth 
year  of  childhood  onward,  not  attaining  its  ultimate  degree  until 
adult  life. 

The  genital  organs  deserve  special  mention.  Certain  abnormal- 
ities of  these  organs  in  the  male,  principally  adhesions  of  the 
prepuce,  diminish  very  rapidly  after  the  puberty  period.  Other 
irregularities,  principally  those  of  the  size  of  the  organs,  become 
more  manifest  as  the  child  grows  older.  The  descent  of  the  testi- 
cles will  be  occasionally  found  to  be  retarded  in  young  boys ;  it  will 
generally  be  accomplished  before  the  age  of  puberty.  In  connec- 
tion with  this  a  care  should  be  taken  not  to  mistake  testicles  reflexly 
drawn  up  for  non-descended  testicles. 

A  certain  number  of  abnormalities,  almost  all  of  which  are  of 
congenital  origin,  do  not  change  in  proportion  with  the  age  of  the 
children.  Such  characters  are  the  difTerent  abnormalities  of  the 
toes,  the  additional  whirls  of  hair,  etc.     Almost  all  of  these  char- 


36 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


acters,  however,  become  better  dififcrenciated  and  more  pronomiced 
with  the  age  of  their  bearers. 

I  append  here  a  table  which  gives  the  percentages  of  congenital 
and  other  classes  of  the  abnormalities  of  the  children  according  to 
their  ages.  The  table  suffers  very  much  by  the  small  numbers  ;f 
individuals  represented  in  some  of  the  divisions ;  but  it  shows  fairly 
well  the  gradual  diminution  with  age  of  the  bulk  of  congenital  de- 
fects; the  increase  with  age  of  the  habit  abnormalities;  and  the  ex- 
cess of  the  congenital  defects  in  the  male  over  the  female.  The  pro- 
portions of  abnormalities  which  I  included  under  "  origin  question- 
able "  increases  much  with  the  ages  of  the  children ;  this  increase 
signifies  that  some  of  the  characters  whose  origin  I  class  as  question- 
able are  really  acquired.  There  were  included  in  this  class  of  abnor- 
malities, principally,  the  very  prominent  occiput;  the  deflections  of 
the  nose;  the  polygonal  gums;  most  of  the  abnormalities  of  the 
dentition  and  of  the  teeth;  the  high  and  the  gothic  palate,  and  the 
deflected  uvula. 


Percentages  of  abnormalities  according  to  their  origin  at  different  ages 
of  the  white  and  colored  children,  male  and  female. 


AGE. 


White  Male. 


C     Ap    Ah 


17 

3 

15 

3 

12 

4 

22 

4 

17 

30 

20 

6 

22 

6 

24 

9 

18 

11 

White  Female. 


C.    Ap.  Ab      ? 


Colored  Male. 


C.    Ap.  Ah 


Colored  Female. 


C.    Ap.  Ah.      ? 


50 


C  — congenital.       Ap.=  acquired  as  a  result   of  some    pathological  process, 
through  habit.     ?  =  origin  uncertain. 


Ah. =  acquired 


Measures. 


The  results  of  the  measuring  wlien  tabulated  according  to  the 
ages  of  the  children  proved  to  be  of  great  interest,  and  the  facts 
that  some  of  these  tabulations  clearly  show  are  new.  Some 
disturbance  in  the  figures  was  occasioned  throughout  by  the  small 
numbers  of  subjects  in  some  of  the  divisions,  but  these  irregularities 


Hrdltcka. 


37 


are  apparent  and  do  not  affect  the  rules  wliich  the  diflfercnt  cohinnis 

of  figures  demonstrate.     I  was  further  afraid  that  the  numerous 

nationaUties  of  the   children  may  prove   a   disturbing  element   in 

the  total  results.       Such  disturbance,  however,  was  noticed  only 

in  the  crude  figures;  the  relations  of  the  different  data  obtained 

remained    practically    the   same,   whether   only   one   group    or   all 

of  the  white  children  were  considered.     I  will  here  give  each  of  the 

measurements  taken  on  the  children  arranged  in  a  comprehensive 

table  adding  only  such  remarks  to  each  division  as  I  think  necessary 

or  advisable. 

Height  of  the  Children. 

The  group  figures  of  this  measure  are  much  more  than  any  other 
affected  by  the  nationality  of  the  children.  There  is  in  the  asylum 
a  verv'  large  number  of  Italian  children,  and  these  are  generally 
much  smaller  than  are  the  American-born  subjects.  The  Russian 
children  are  also  considerably  smaller.  In  consequence  the  average 
height  of  all  the  children  taken  together  will  not  represent  figures 
fit  to  be  compared  with  any  figures  obtained  on  subjects  of  a  more 
homogeneous  nature.  The  value  of  the  figures  showing  the  average 
height  of  the  children  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum  consists  principally 
in  their  being  a  basis  for  comparison  with  other  measurements  of 
the  same  individuals.  With  the  colored  males  and  colored  females 
the  figures  given  have  a  fuller  value. 

Height. 


White  Males. 

White  Females. 

Colored  Males. 

CoLonKD  Females. 

AGE. 

S  X 

M.Sf 

> 
< 

4^ 

ll 

11 
5<; '" 

if 

< 

3 



2 
10 
34 
4-' 
45 
5i 
40 
14 
19 
18 
4 
1 

i 

1 

3 

S 

13 

25 

12 

12 

10 

13 

7 

6 

2 

783iuin. 

2 
2 
4 

9 
5 
10 
8 
9 
3 
1 
2 

83» 

ltl04ii)m. 

lotiu 

1086 

1130 

1187 

1267 

1304 

1357 

1431 

1495 

lf.3"> 

006 

5 

2 
15 
38 
56 
62 
98 
99 
93 
86 
53 
20 
9 
3 

QBlium. 
1051 
11 20 
1152 
1212 
1248 
1315 
1362 
14/0 
1449 
H62 
1615 
1654 

i6'44 
1101 
1147 
1106 
1251 
1271 
1.360 
1381 
1392 
1505 
14i5 
1500 

985 
1091 

6            

7 

1260 
1257 
1295 
1307 
1467 
1477 
1559 
1545 

8 

0  

10 

\\ 

12 

13 

14     

15 

16 

17 

18 

1554 

3« 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


I  have  extracted  the  heights  of  children  born  in  this  country  and 
of  American  parentage  and  will  give  next  the  measurements  of  the 
height  of  these  children  and,  for  a  comparison,  the  heights  of  Boston 
school  children  who  were  born  in  this  country.* 

Height  of  American-born  Children — Males. 

(1)  Asylum  children.  (2)  Boston  school  children 


00 

00 

to 

^ 

ee 

« 

eS 

eS 

Ol 

ffl 

o 

s 

(V 

o 

<D 

^ 

kj 

t-i 

>-. 

^ 

l^ 

>-. 

>-. 

_, 

n 

«ft 

tn 

tn 

<o 

t- 

oo 

a> 

"* 

^^ 

^ 

(1)  971 

(2)  1060 

1088 

1172 

1163 

1234 

1261 

1315 

1367 

1424 

1452 

1518 

1120 

1174 

1223 

1272 

1326 

1372 

1417 

1477 

1551 

1599 

1697 
1665 


Females. 


(1) 

(2)     1053 


1109 


1101 
1167 


1158 
1221 


1204 
1260 


1289 
1315 


1290 
1366 


1454 
1452 


1450 
1492 


1398 
1532 


1567 


The  preceding  table  shows  that  the  American-born  children  in  the 
Juvenile  Asylum  are  on  an  average  somewhat  smaller  at  almost  all 
the  ages  than  the  free  children  of  American  parentage  from  the 
schools  of  Boston.  The  comparison,  however,  is  not  fully  satisfac- 
tory. We  ought  to  have  a  row  of  figures  showing  the  height  of  the 
American-born  children  of  New  York  City  instead  of  Boston. 
The  Boston  population  is  principally  composed  of  Americans  and 
Germans.  A  great  many  of  the  American  people  of  Boston  are  of 
English  or  German  descent,  and  people  of  both  these  nationalities 
are  above  the  average  in  stature.  The  American-born  population  of 
New  York  is  composed  principally  of  the  German  and  Irish  ele- 
ments, but  besides  this  there  enters  into  it  a  large  percentage  of 
Hebrews,  principally  of  Russian  or  Polish  origin;  of  Italians  and 
of  people  of  other  nationalities,  and  the  average  height  of  many  of 
these  people  is  low.  Thus  it  may  be  expected  that  the  New  York- 
born  American  children  would  show  a  somewhat  smaller  average 
stature  than  the  children  born  in  Boston.  This  point  cannot,  how- 
ever, be  here  decided.  The  inmates  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum  are  on 
an  average  undoubtedly  of  a  somewhat  subnormal  height.  It  cannot 
be  otherwise  upon  pure  physiological  laws,  with  children  who  come 
from  the  poorest  classes  of  the  population.     A  similar  fact  was  found 

*•*  Massachusetts  School  Children,"  by  Dr.  H.  P.  Powditch,  Mass.  St.  Board  of  Health 
publication,  1877,  1890. 


Hrdlicka. 


39 


bv  Dr.  Franz  Boas,  who  some  years  ago  examined  with  Dr.  West 
numerous  school  children  in  Worcester,  jMass.  Dr.  Boas  informed 
me  that  he  found  the  children  of  poorer  families  to  be  on  the  average 
perccptiblv  smaller  than  the  children  of  well  to  do  people. 

The  heights  of  Italian  children,  which  follow,  will  be  seen  to  be 
considerably  below  the  heights  of  not  only  the  children  of  American 
parentage,  but  also  below  the  average  heights  of  all  the  children 
together  in  the  institution.  I  have  no  data  at  hand  by  which  I  could 
show  whether  these  Italian  children  are  below  the  average  in  stature 
of  Italian  children  outside  the  asylum.  If  we  should  compare  these 
figures  with  figures  obtained  from  Italian  children  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  we  would  hardly  find  great  differences,  as  most  of  the  Ital- 
ians here  are  poor  people. 

Heidit — Italian  Children. 


OD 

i 

P 

u 

(4 

s 

a 

o 

o 

a 

Cj 

t^ 

>s 

*^ 

to 

>; 

^ 

-o 

^^ 

« 

•W 

in 

«o 

t- 

CO 

Oi 

" 

'" 

'~ 

*" 

Males 

1025 

U13 

1134 

1197 

1234 

1287 

1337 

1368 

1226 

1357 

Females  . .. 

1U58 

1081 

11U9 

1155 

1246 

1290 

1336 

1370 

1483 

Sitting  Height. 
Tables  4  and  5  will  show  the  sitting  height  as  obtained  on  the  chil- 
dren of  the  institution,  and  the  proportions  of  the  sitting  height,  or 
of  the  length  of  the  lower  extremities,  to  the  total  height  of  the  body. 
The  interest  lies  principally  in  these  latter  named  proportions.  A 
glance  at  the  figures  will  show  that  in  both  the  white  and  the  negro 
children  of  small  age  the  proportion  of  the  length  of  the  lower  limbs 
to  the  total  height  of  the  body  is  comparatively  small,  and  that  it 
increases  with  considerable  precision  and  regularity  during  all  the 
years  up  to  and  possibly  even  beyond  the  age  of  puberty.  This 
means  that  as  a  child  advances  in  life  its  limbs  arc  growing  in  pro- 
portion somewhat  more  rapidly  than  its  body.  In  a  new  born  infant 
the  lower  limbs  are  very  short.  The  greatest  length  of  the  lower 
limbs  seems  to  be  attained  from  the  thirteenth  to  sixteenth  years  of 
an  individual.  I  have  myself  but  a  very  few  data  on  children  older 
than  1 6,  but  from  Dr.  West's  report*  on  the  Worcester  school  chil- 

*  Gerald  Monteomery  West.  Arch,  of    Anihropol..  XXII.,  p.  13  et  seq.:    in  this  connection 
a\so  Boas,  The  Growth  of  Chililren,  Science,  April  q,   u?. 


40 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


dren  in  Massachusetts,  it  would  appear  that  after  15  or  i6  years  of 
age  the  greater  proportion  of  growth  of  the  lower  limbs  ceases  and 
that  from  then  onward,  up  to  the  end  of  the  growing  period,  the 
body  seems  to  increase  slightly  in  proportion  to  the  lower  extremi- 
ties. 

An  interesting  feature  which  can  be  observed  in  the  above  figures 
is  the  greater  proportionate  length,  by  an  average  of  about  i  per 
cent.,  of  the  total  body  height  of  the  lower  limbs  in  the  negro  chil- 
dren. 

When  I  compare  my  sitting  height  indexes  with  similar  indexes 
obtained  by  Dr.  West,  it  appears  that  the  indexes  of  Dr.  West's  chil- 
dren were  at  all  ages  somewhat  smaller  or  that  the  lower  extremities 
in  these  children  were  at  all  ages  somewhat  longer  than  they  are  in 
our  children  in  the  asylum.  The  difference  amounts  on  an  average 
to  from  I  to  1.5  per  cent  of  the  body  height.  These  figures  make  me 
think  that  it  is  possible  that  it  is  in  the  lower  extremities  where  lies 
the  principal  defect  in  the  growth  of  the  badly  nourished  children; 
but  I  can  say  nothing  positive  on  this  point.  Similar  differences 
exist,  I  have  some  reason  to  believe,  between  free,  well  nourished, 
and  asylum  colored  children. 

Sitting  Height. 


White  Males. 

White  Females. 

Colored  Males. 

Colored  Females. 

AGE. 

SB 

a 

o'S 
ttcS 

s 

41 
< 

5f-. 

li 

.as 

a 

< 

0 

.a  » 
ai.a 

•5  a 

J3S 

Bt  * 

03    fc 
S.2 
k 

fcJD 

B 

> 

< 

0 

bx, 

n 
< 

0 
.a  m 

'S  s 
.as 

ll 
Qj.a 

< 

3  

cm. 

cm. 

410 

456 
489 
508 
540 
564 
604 
6;s4 
669 
685 
685 
776 
790 

cm. 

576 

608 
621 
655 
663 
687 
718 
734 
770 
809 
825 
824 
850 

cm. 

428 

452 
467 
495 
524 
580 
586 
6J3 
661 
686 
710 
674 
704 

cm. 
476 

.597 

616 
630 
6,59 
679 
697 
718 
797 
737 
787 
753 
795 

cm. 

307 

447 

485 
517 
537 
572 
574 
642 
5H4 
655 
718 
692 
705 

cm. 
476 
.534 
571 
607 
625 
671 
680 
695 
703 
792 
767 
808 
819 

cm. 
363 

4  

372 

5 

551 
595 
631 
644 
672 
684 
711 
728 
751 
764 
777 
839 
861 

414 

6 

484 

502 

8 

589 

9  

577 

10  

600 

11 

594 

12 

675 

IS     

710 

14   

751 

15 

726 

18 

Hrdlicka. 
Proportions  of  Sitthig  Height  to  Height. 


41 


AGE. 


3.. 
4.. 
5.. 

« ! 

7 , 

8 1 

9 i 

10 1 

11 1 

12 1 

13 1 

14 ! 

15 

16 1 

17 


White  Males. 


57.4 
56.6 
56.3 
55.9 
55.3 
54.6 
54.0 
53.5 
52  9 
52.7 
53.1 
52  0 
52.2 


<;-  =  - 


42.6 
43.4 
43-7 

44  1 
44.7 

45  4 
46.0 
46.5 
47.1 
47-3 
46.9 
48.0 
47.8 


■White  Females. 


;,   a  o 


57.3 
57.4 
57.2 
56.2 
55.9 
54.2 
.55.0 
54.1 
53.8 
54.1 
53-7 
55-0 
54.7 


<»•'=■- 


42.7 
42.6 
42-8 
43.8 
44.1 
44.8 
45.0 
45-9 
46.2 
45.9 
46.3 
45.0 
45  3 


Colored  Males. 


t:  -  it 


60.8 


57-3 
55-9 
54.9 
55.1 
54.2 
54.9 
52.8 
57.7 

52  9 
52.3 
51.7 

53  0 


Z  ^  o 

*;:.—   « 

>  2  — ■= 


39  2 


42.7 
44  1 
45.1 
44.9 
45.8 
45.1 
47.2 
47.3 
47.1 
47.7 
48  3 
47.0 


Colored  Females. 


59.5 
58  9 
57.9 
55.6 
55.4 
53.3 
.^4.1 
53.7 
53-8 
54.0 
51.9 
51.8 
53.0 


"Si? 

.£  -  — 


40.5 
41.1 
42.1 
44.4 
44.6 
46.7 
45.9 
46.3 
46  2 
46.0 
48.1 
48.2 
47.0 


The  proportions  of  sitting-  height  to  total  body  height  can  be  illus- 
trated to  further  advantage  when  we  cease  to  consider  the  ages  of 
the  children  and  consider  simply  the  stature.  I  give  here  two  tables 
which  will  show  the  sitting  height  index  in  its  relation  to  every  in- 
crease of  50mm.  in  stature.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  relation  is  quite 
regular,  and  also  that  the  greater  length  of  the  lower  extremities  in 
the  colored  children  is  equally  true  and  even  more  pronounced 
when  we  view  the  matter  from  this  standpoint.  I  believe  that  to 
consider  this  matter  in  this  way  is  more  important  than  to  con- 
sider the  relation  of  sitting  height  to  height  simply  on  the  basis  of 
the  ages  of  the  children,  as  we  have  done  above,  and  as  was  gen- 
erally done  before  by  other  observers.  If  similar  proportions  were 
ascertained  on  large  numbers  of  children  and  in  different  locations, 
the  data  might  prove  not  only  of  a  physiological,  but  possibly  also 
of  forsenic  value.  The  maximum  variation  of  the  sitting  height 
index  at  any  age  was  found  not  to  exceed  8  points. 


42 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


Relations  of  Height  to  Height- Sitting  Height  Index. 


HEIGHT  IN 
MM. 


750  to  800.... 

800  to  850 

850  to  900 

900  to  950 

930  to  1000... 

1000  to  1050... 

1050  to  UOO... 

1100  to  1150... 

1150  to  1200  .. 

1200  to  1250... 

1250  to  1300... 

1300  to  1350... 

1350  to  UOO... 

1400  to  14.50... 

1450  to  1500... 

1500  to  1550... 

1550  to  1600... 

1600  to  1650... 

1650  to  1700... 

1700  to  1750... 

1750  to  1800... 

1800  to  1850... 


White  Males. 


3 

17 

29 

39 

62 

73 

78 

105 

74 

66 

44 

18 

11 

8 

4 

2 


57.4 
56.2 
56.7 
55.9 
55.4 
54.5 
53.9 
53.6 
53-3 
52.8 
52.1 
52.1 
52.0 
51.8 
51.5 


50.0 


White  Females. 


Colored  Males. 


57.7 
57.9 
56.9 
56.8 
55.9 
55.3 
55.0 
54.6 
54.4 
53.6 
54.1 
5S  9 
53.2 
52.7 


§  a 


Colored  Females. 


59.0 
57.6 
55.8 
55.2 
55-0 
54.2 
54.9 
53-4 
52-9 
52  4 
52.4 
52.4 
51.2 


59.9 

59.1 

58.9 

59.05^ 

58.4 

55.6 

55.0 

56.1 

54.9 

53.9 

53.7 

53.4 

52-1 

53-4 

53-6 

52.7 

52.9 

50.9 


Weight. 

All  the  children  were  weighed  in  their  undergarments  and  subse- 
quently the  weight  of  these  was  subtracted  from  the  total  weight  of 
the  subject.  In  consequence  our  figures  show  the  absolute  weight 
of  the  children  and  the  data  are  more  correct  than  similar  data  ob- 
tained from  children  weighed  in  all  their  clothing. 

The  weight  in  children  does  not  bear  a  constant  relation  to  the 
height,  and  is  much  more  equal  in  children  of  different  nationalities 
than  is  the  height  measure.  I  place  next  to  the  averages  of  weight 
obtained  on  all  the  children  the  averages,  first,  of  American-born 
children,  and  second,  those  of  Italians.  We  will  find  no  such  great 
differences  in  the  two  classes  of  children  as  we  found  with  the 
height. 


Hrdlicka. 
Weight. 


43 


AGE. 

Average  "Weights. 

Weights  of 
American   Born. 

"Weights 
of  italuns. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

. 

33 
40 
45 
47 
53 
57 
64 

34 
40 
42 
45 
52 
60 
65 

33 

41.8 
46.8 
46.5 
52 
57.1 
64 
70 

77.6 
81.7 
96 
140 

'"  43[7 
46 

54 

61.2 

60 

81 

74 

72 

38.8 

44.7 

46.2 

53 

56.3 

61.8 

68.9 

72 

85 

76 

39 

41.3 

g             

43 

<(                  

51 

10                 

57.5 

11        

65.3 

12    

70                     72 

72.1 

13                                         

81 
84 
85 

84 

97 

112 

79 

14 

102 

15                          

115  1                114 

17                                  

122 

IS 

104 

If  ve  desire  to  compare  the  weight  of  the  inmates  of  the  Juvenile 
Asylum  with  weight  of  children  outside  of  the  institution  we  have 
again  the  data  collected  in  Boston  from  school  children  by  Dr. 
Bowditch  and  those  collected  in  Worcester  by  Drs.  West  and  Boas. 
In  both  of  these  cases  the  weights  are  quite  similar  and  hence  only 
one  need  be  stated  for  comparison.  In  both  cases,  however,  the  chil- 
dren were  weighed  in  their  clothing,  which,  according  to  Bowditch, 
whose  figures  we  will  state,  amounted  in  average  to  7.99  per  cent,  of 
the  total  weight  in  the  boys  and  6.81  per  cent,  of  the  total  weight  in 
the  girls.  If  we  should  reduce  these  percentages  of  pounds  from  the 
weight  of  the  Boston  school  children  we  should  find  that  the  weiglit 
was  mucli  nearer  to  the  average  weight  of  the  children  in  the  Juven- 
ile Asylum.  Nevertheless  it  would  still  be  somewhat  greater.  The 
excess  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  same  causes  to  which  was  due  the 
smaller  stature  in  the  asylum  children,  namely,  to  mal-nutrition  re- 
sulting from  the  poverty  of  the  parents  of  the  children. 

Weight — Males.* 

(1)  Average  weight  of  asylam  children.      (2)  Average  weifiht  of  Bonton  school  children.! 


s 

P 

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3° 

« 

2 

£ 

« 

a 

s 

SS 

ea 

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(1)  33 

40 

45 

47 

53 

57 

64 

70 

81 

84 

8S 

115 

122 

(2)  41.9 

45.17 

49.07 

53.9 

59.2 

65.3 

70.18 

76.9 

84. S4 

91.91 

107.10 

121 

127.49 

All  iiatioDalitiea.    t  Weight  of  clotbing  not  deducted. 


44 


Anthropological  Investigaxions. 


Weight — Females.  * 

(1)  Average  wcigbt  of  asylum  children.      (2)  Average  weight  of  Hostou  school  chiWron.t 


? 

09 

•r. 

u 

s 

t. 

fc' 

P 

eS 

o 

a> 

a) 

o 

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p^ 

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m 

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to 

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(1)  31 

40 

42 

43 

52 

60 

65 

72 

84 

97 

112 

114 

(2,39.G 

43.3 

47.4 

52 

57 

62.3 

68.8 

78.3 

88.6 

98.4 

106 

112 

The  average  weight  of  the  negro  children  in  the  asylum  was 
found  to  be  at  most  ages  slightly  smaller  than  was  the  average 
weight  of  white  children.  How  far  this  fact  is  correct  in  general 
could  only  be  ascertained  by  much  additional  investigation.  The 
fact  is  that  white  children,  particularly  white  girls,  show,  at  least  up 
to  the  age  of  puberty,  more  adipose  tissue  over  their  body  than  do 
the  colored  children. 

Pressure  and  Traction  Force. 

In  connection  with  the  weight  I  investigated  the  force  of  the  hands 
and  arms  of  the  children,  so  far  as  this  can  be  ascertained  by  a  cor- 
rect dynamometer.  I  have  tested  the  pressure  in  each  hand,  as  well 
as  the  traction  force  of  both  arms  together,  taking  as  usual  only  the 
average  of  three  measurements  for  the  records.  As  the  force  was 
found  to  differ  slightly  according  to  the  time  of  the  day  at  which 
tested,  all  of  the  tests  were  made  at  similar  hours,  that  is,  in  the 
afternoon. 

The  figures  which  I  give  below  show  first  of  all,  that  average  trac- 
tion force  in  the  children  is  always  considerably  smaller  than  is  the 
pressure  force  in  either  hand. 

In  the  second  place  we  see  the  pressure  force  in  the  right  hand  to 
be  at  most  ages  greater  than  is  the  pressure  force  of  the  left  hand. 
In  individuals  there  are  numerous  exceptions  to  this  rule.  We  find 
many  children  in  whom  the  pressure  force  is  either  equal  in  both 
hands,  or  is  even  greater  in  the  left  than  in  the  right.  The  greater 
pressure  force  in  the  left  hand  was  not  observed  to  be  associated  with 
left-handedness  of  the  child,  except  in  a  few  instances.  About  half 
of  the  number  of  left-handed   children   on   the   other   hand,   were 


All  nationalities,    t  Weight  of  clothing  not  deducted. 


Hrdlicka. 


45 


stronger  in  the  right  hand.  Lcft-handedness  is  apparently  more  a 
nerv^ous  phenomenon  than  muscular. 

In  the  third  place  we  notice  an  almost  regular  annual  increase  in 
the  force  of  the  children.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  the  white 
male  children,  where  the  average  annual  increase  in  pressure  force 
amounts  to  about  4  pounds.  The  traction  force  increases  only  about 
2  pounds  annually,  and  the  disproportion  between  the  pressure  and 
traction  forces  of  the  child  grows  with  the  age  of  the  individual. 

Ill  the  negroes,  both  the  pressure  and  traction  force  ivere  found 
to  exceed  at  all  ages  similar  forces  in  the  white  children.  This  is 
the  more  remarkable  as  we  saw  that  the  average  weight  of  the 
colored  subject  was  at  almost  all  ages  less  than  that  of  the  white 
children  in  the  asylum.  The  fact  speaks  for  a  greater  proportionate 
muscularity  of  the  colored  subjects;  this  condition  w'as  well  appre- 
ciable during  the  inspection  of  the  children. 


Average  Pressure  Force  in  Right  Hand  of  the  Children,  According  to 
the  Color,  Sexes  and  Ages. 


Whitb. 

COLOBED. 

AGE. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

10 
14 
18 
20 
24 
28 
32 
36 
40 
44 
48 
68 
74 

8 
14 
12 
16 
18 
24 
26 
32 
36 
42 
44 
50 

42 

16 

22 
22 
26 
30 
32 
44 
38 
54 
50 
53 

6                 

12 

14 

9                                         

28 

10                                 

24 

11                                           

32 

12                                       

40 

13                             

44 

14                                                                   

42 

15 

SO 



46 


Anthropological  Investigatidns. 


Average  Pressure  Force  in  Left  Hand  of  the  Children,   According  to 
Color,  Ages  and  Sexes. 


AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

12 

20 
22 
26 
28 
32 
40 
36 
50 
45 
48 

Female. 

5                      

10 
12 
16 
18 
24 
26 
30 
34 
38 
40 
46 
64 
72 

6 

14 
12 
16 
16 
22 
24 
32 
32 
4U 
42 
50 

38 

6                       

7                                      

12 

^                                , 

12 

26 

10                             

22 

26 

.     38 

42 

40 

4K 

Average  Traction  Force  of  the  Children,  According  to  Color,  Sexes 

and  Ages. 


White. 

Colored. 

AGE. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

6 

10 
12 
14 

4 
10 
10 
10 

8 

14 
14 
18 
22 
24 
28 
26 
36 
31 
30 

8 

8 

18                 12 

16 

10                                                  

20 
24 
24 

28 
28 
32 
44 
40 

16 
18 
20 
22 
26 
24 
22 

30 

16 

w                                                    

20 

12                                            

20 

13                               .     

30 

14                                          

24 

34 

16                           

The  pressure  and  traction  powers  can  be  studied  a  point  further. 
We  can  study  the  relations  of  these  items  to  the  weight  of  the  chil- 
dren. The  next  table  will  show  such  relations  in  both  the  white  and 
colored  children  grouped  together.  The  figures  show  that  the 
younger  the  child  is,  the  smaller  is  its  proportionate  force  in  pounds 
to  each  pound  of  the  weight  of  its  body.  Curiously,  there  is  a  dis- 
tinct and  persistent  annual  increase  in  this  proportion,  and  when  we 
reach  the  seventeenth  year  of  life  we  find  that  the  proportion  of  mus- 


Hrdlicka. 


47 


cular  power  in  the  hands  and  arms  of  the  individual  to  his  body- 
weight  has  about  doubled. 

With  the  colored  individuals  we  observe  the  interesting  fact  that 
at  almost  all  ages  there  exists  in  these  children  a  greater  propor- 
tionate strength  to  each  pound  of  the  body  than  is  the  case  with  the 
white  children. 

The  relations  of  force  to  weight  here  exposed  may  give  rise  to 
much  speculation  as  to  their  real  causes. 

Relations  of  Pressure  and  Traction  Force,  in  Pounds,  to  Each  Pound 
of  Weight,  in  Children  of  the  Different  Color  and  Sexes,  and 
According  to  Age. 


Presscee     Force     on 
Right  Hand,  Relation 
IN    Pounds    to    Each 
Pound  of  Weight. 

Pressure     Force     on 
Left  Hand,  Relation 
IN    Pounds   to    Each 
Pound  of  Weight. 

Traction  Force,  Rela- 
tion IN  Pounds  to  Each 
PouJjD  OF  Weight. 

AGE. 

6 

"a 

2  5 

a 

©a 

1  s 

s 
O 

O 

s 

a 
23 

o 
"o 

6 

9 

"5 

«  a 

6 
2S 

_2 
2S 

o 

6 

d 

13  a 
2  5 

■© 

5 

0.30 
0.35 
0.40 
0.42 
0.45 
0.49 
0.50 
0.51 
0.50 
0.52 
0.56 
0.59 
0.61 

0.23 
0.35 
0.29 
0.36 
0.35 
0.40 
0.40 
0.44 
0.43 
0.43 
0.39 
0.43 

6.40 

b'.ii 

0.53 
0.45 
0.50 
0.51 
0.50 
0.63 
0.5£ 
0.57 
0.61 
0.56 

0.35 
0.47 
0.40 
0-53 
0.37 
0.47 
0.42 
0.41 

0.30 
0.30 
0  36 
0.38 
0.45 
0.46 
0.47 
0.49 
0.47 
0.48 
0.54 
0.56 
0.59 

0.18 
0.35 
0.29 
0.36 
0.31 
0.37 
0.37 
0.44 
0.38 
0.41 
0.37 
0.43 

6!36 

6!33 
0.49 
0  45 
0.50 
0.47 
0.50 
0.57 
0.49 
0.53 
0.56 
0.51 

olsi 

0.30 
0.44 
0.37 
0.43 
0.36 
0.45 
0.40 
0.40 

0.18 
0.25 
0.24 
0.30 
0.34 
0.35 
0.37 
0.34 
0.34 
0.33 
0.38 
0.38 
0.33 

0.12 
0.25 
0.23 
9.22 
0.23 
0.27 
0.27 
0.28 
0.26 
0.27 
0.21 
0-19 

6!28 

6!22 
0.34 
0.29 
0.35 
0.37 
0.37 
0.40 
0.36 
0.38 
0..38 
0.32 

6 



7 

8 

9            

0.21 
0.20 
0.27 

10      

0.27 

11 

0.33 

12          

0.19 

13            

0.32 

14 

0.24 

15 

0.28 

16 

17 



18 



Artn  Expanse. 

The  arm  expanse  was  not  found  to  differ  to  any  great  extent  in 
the  white  children  according  to  their  different  nationalities;  it  ofTers 
only  individual  variations.  In  the  negroes  the  average  arm  expanse 
is  greater  at  all  ages. 

In  both  the  white  and  the  negroes  the  arm  expanse  increases  with 
the  age  of  the  children.  Up  to  9  years  of  age  in  the  white  boys 
and  up  to  ii  years  of  age  in  the  white  girls  the  arm  expanse  is  less 
than  the  total  body  height.  In  the  negro  children  this  is  the  case  up 
to  the  seventh  vear  of  life.     From  9  and  11  years  on,  in  the  white 


48 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


males  an(^  females,  and  from  7  years  on,  in  the  colored  individuals, 
the  arm  expanse  begins  to  surpass  the  body  height,  and  the  increase 
advances  slightly  with  every  year  of  life.  This  advance  is  more 
marked  in  the  negroes. 

A  part  of  the  increase  of  the  arm  expanse  is  not  due  to  a  greater 
growth  of  the  arms  themselves,  but  to  the  lateral  growth  of  the 
thorax.  This  growth  of  the  chest  does  not  fully  account  for  the 
differences  in  the  arm-spread  between  the  white  and  the  negro 
children,  and  the  arms  of  the  colored  individuals  must  be  considered 
as  really  slightly  longer  than  are  those  of  the  whites.  I  subjoin 
here  a  table  which  will  illustrate  the  gradual  increase  of  the  pro- 
portion of  the  arm  expanse  to  the  total  height  in  the  different 
classes  of  children. 


Per  Cent.  Rctation  of  Average  Arm  Expanse  to  the  Average  Height, 
according  to  the  ages  of  the  Children. 


AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

(96.7) 
99.0 
98.4 
99.1 
100.2 
100.3 
100.1 
100.8 
100.6 
101.3 
101.5 
101.7 
101.8 

97.1 

98.2 

98.6 

98.7 

99.1 

99-5 

99.8 

100.4 

100  7 

102.2 

(100  0) 

(102.1) 

g                                                        

(98.8) 
(99.6) 
101.1 
102.8 
101.8 
101.2 
104.1 
104.5 
105.5 
104.5 
(107.1) 

7                            

101.5 

8                                       

(98.6) 

9                          

101.9 

10                          

101.0 

11                        

105.0 

12             .                

(98.7) 

13         

(105.5) 

14           

(102.1) 

15                                   

(105.4) 

Ig                                                               

Measurements  of  the  Chest. 

After  experimenting  with  various  chest  measurements  it  was 
found  that  the  best  satisfaction  is  obtained  by  restricting  the  meas- 
urements to  diameters  and  taking  these  in  all  the  children  at  the 
height  of  the  nipples.  The  instrument  with  which  the  measurements 
were  taken  was  a  pair  of  accurate  aluminum  sliding  compasses,  with 
branches  with  broad  surfaces.  In  measuring,  the  branches  of  the 
compass  were  applied  not  simply  to  touch  the  skin  but  until  they 
met  with  a  marked  resistance  on  the  body.     Care  was  taken  that  the 


Hrdlicka.      1  49 

instrument  should  always  be  held  diagonally  to  the  long  axis  of  the 
bodv.  With  care,  measurements  of  this  nature  become  quite  accu- 
rate and  satisfactory. 

The  results  of  the  measuring,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  appended 
figures,  show  first  of  all  the  growth  of  the  chest  during  the  diiYerent 
ages  of  the  children. 

In  the  second  place,  the  figures  demonstrate  the  differences  which 
exist  in  the  two  proportions  of  the  chest  of  the  same  height  between 
the  males  and  the  females  and  between  the  white  and  the  colored 
children. 

Finally,  calculations  were  made  of  the  relation  of  the  antero- 
posterior to  the  lateral  diameter  of  the  thorax  at  the  different  ages 
of  the  subjects  measured,  and  these  proportions  or  thoracic  indexes, 
show  the  regular  form  of  the  chest,  and  the  variations  of  this  form, 
in  the  different  ages  of  the  children. 

The  size  of  the  chest  is  greater  on  an  average  at  all  ages  in  the 
male  than  it  is  in  the  female  children.  This  is  the  case  in  both  the 
white  and  the  colored  subjects.  When,  however,  we  come  to  the 
females  above  1 1  years  of  age,  where  the  development  of  the  breasts 
begins,  the  proportions  of  the  chest  wdll  increase  in  the  female  and 
may  surpass  those  of  the  male  of  the  same  age.  This  increase  in 
depth  of  the  female  chest  at  or  after  puberty  is  due  to  additional 
deposition  of  fat  and  not  to  any  changes  in  the  osseous  thorax. 

In  the  colored  children  the  chest  is  of  very  nearl\-  the  same  si7,e 
in  the  boys,  but  is  somewhat  smaller  in  the  girls,  than  it  is  in  cor- 
responding sexes  of  white  children.  In  both  the  colored  boys  and 
girls  the  chest  is  a  little  deeper  than  it  is  in  the  white  children  of 
corresponding  sexes  and  ages.  This  difference  lies  in  the  thoracic 
cage  itself. 

The  chest  index  shows  at  least  one  very  interesting  feature.  In 
all  classes  of  children  the  thorax  is  seen  to  be  considerably  deeper 
in  early  childhood  than  it  is  later.  The  increase  of  flatness  takes 
place  gradually  and  almost  regularly  through  all  the  ages  of  the 
children,  so  far  as  our  records  go,  with  the  exception  of  the  females 
after  the  breast  development  takes  place.  The  indices  show  very 
well  the  somewhat  deeper  character  of  the  chest  in  the  negro  chil- 
dren, particularly  the  males.  The  flattening  of  the  chest  is  most 
4 


50 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


rapid  according  to  our  figures  between  3  and  7  years  of  age.  This 
should  probably  read  up  to  7  years  of  age,  as  in  the  new-born 
infants  the  chest  is  almost  equal  in  itsanterio-posterior  and  its  lateral 
diameter  and  it  has  already  flattened  considerably  at  the  age  of 
three,  at  which  our  figures  begin. 

Chest. 


White. 

Colored. 

AGE. 

DIAMETER  ANTERO- 
POSTERIOR         AT 
THE    HEIGHT    OF 
THE   NIPPLES. 

DIAMETER  LATERAL 
AT  THK  HEIGHT  OF 
THE  NIPPLES. 

DIAMETER  AXTEEO- 
POSTERIOR         AT 
THE     HEIGHT    OF 
THE  NIPPLES. 

DIAMETER  LATERAL 
AT  THE  HEIGHT  OP 
THE  NIPPLES. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5      

12.55 
13  74 
14.27 
14.28 
14.56 
14.83 
15.24 
15.68 
16.13 
16.78 
16.94 
18.53 
18.83 

11.95 
13.31 
13.14 
13.39 
13.93 
14.26 
14.59 
14.35 
15.74 
17-07 
17.38 
16.40 

'"ih'.'io 

17.10 
18.73 
19.63 
19.87 
20.59 
21.07 
21.64 
22-31 
23.07 
23.70 
24.42 
27.16 
26.13 

17.25 
18.22 
18  56 
19.05 
19.92 
20.82 
21.24 
21.83 
23.03 
23.79 
25.10 
25.50 

'2ZAb 

'"'i3!26 

13.10 
14.94 
14.83 
15.07 
15.24 
15.41 
15.77 
17.46 
16.32 
17.20 

'""i2'65 
14.30 
14.18 
13.40 
14.18 
17.15 
16.20 
15.95 
17.45 

"'h'.io 

18.10 
19.56 
20.10 
21.00 
21.23 
21.90 
22.43 
24  07 
22.95 
24.55 

6 

7 

18.00 

8 

17.40 

9 

20.64 

10 

19.70 

11 

12 

13 

20.45 
24.15 
24.40 

14 

15 

22.80 
25.20 

16 

17 

18 

Average  Chest  Index  of  the    Children  According  to  the  Color,  Sexes 

and  Ages. 


AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5               

(73.4) 
73.4 
71.9 
72.0 
70.8 
70.0 
70. 5 
70.3 
70.0 
70.8 
69.3 
68.4 

(67.9) 

(69.2) 
73.0 
70.2 
70.3 
70.0 
69.4 
68.7 
65.4 
68.4 
71.0 
(69.0) 

6        

(79.5) 
(72-4) 
72.3 
74.1 
71.6 
72.8 
70.6 
69.6 
72.5 
71-3 
(70.0) 

7     

168.6) 

8 

9 

68.7 

10 

(68.0) 

11 

69.2 

12 

(70.9) 

13 

14 

(70.0) 

15 

(69.2) 

16 

17                         

Ig        

The  number  of  colored  subjects  represented  in  the  above  figures 
is  small.  If  we  include  in  this  table,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  out 
with  more  certainty  the  relations  of  the  chest  index  between  the 


Hrdlicka.  51 

white  and  colored  children,  the  data  obtained  on  100  additional 
colored  children,  obtained  in  the  New  York  Colored  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, we  obtain  the  following  proportions: 

Average  Chest  Index  of  the  Children,  According  to  the  Color,  Sexes  and 
Ages,  including  the  100  Additional  Children,  from  the  N.  Y.  Colored 
Orphan  Asylum. 


AGE. 

Whitb. 

COLOBED. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

3 

79.3 

86.1 
79.8 
76.1 
76.6 
70.4 
68.7 
68.9 
69.2 
69.6 
70.9 

4 

5 

(73.4) 
73.4 
71.9 
70.2 
70.8 
70.0 
70.5 
70.3 
70.0 
70.8 
69.3 
68.4 
67.9 

(69.2) 
73.0 
70.2 
70.3 
70.0 
69.4 
68.7 
65.4 
68.4 
71.6 
69.0 

75.1 
75.8 
74.5 
73.6 
73.3 
72.2 
72.0 
69.3 
69.6 
72.5 
71.3 
70.0 

C .   .    . 

7 

8 

9 :::.:::::. 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

70.0 
69.2 

15 

16 

17 

Measurements  of  the  Head. 

The  principal  diameters  of  the  head  differ  largely  according  to 
the  nationalities  of  the  children  and  even  in  individuals.  The  main 
value  of  such  dimensions  of  the  head  as  the  anterio-posterior  or  the 
lateral  maximum  diameters,  and  the  height,  lies  in  the  correlation  of 
same  and  in  the  resulting  indices.  The  main  value  of  the  tables 
which  show  the  individual  measures,  consists  in  the  possibility  of 
tracing  the  proportions  of  increase  in  these  measures  with  the  ages 
of  the  children,  and  then  they  show  the  differences  in  the  averages 
between  the  males  and  the  females,  and  between  the  white  and  the 
colored  children. 

The  cephalic  indices  of  the  principal  groups  of  the  children  in  the 
asylum  were  already  given  at  the  end  of  the  first  part  of  these  inves- 
tigations. I  add  here  the  average  indices  calculated  from  age  to  age 
on  all  the  children.  These  figures  show  the  changes  of  the  cephalic 
index  with  age.  The  relations  of  the  length  and  of  the  width  to 
the  height  of  the  head  show  nothing  very  extraordinary  and  as  they 
would  involve  much  additional  technicalities,  they  will  not  be  intro- 
duced here. 


52 


AnthropologiCxVL  Investigations. 


If  we  observe  the  averag-es  of  the  dififerent  diameters  in  the  fol- 
lowing tables,  we  notice  that  the  increase  with  age  does  not  take 
place  in  all  of  them  in  the  same  way.  The  maximum  anterio- 
posterior diameter  increases  most,  the  maximum  lateral  diameter  the 
least  with  the  ages  of  the  children.  Thus,  as  children  grow  older 
their  heads  become  relatively  longer  and  their  cephalic  indices 
diminish.  This  fact  is  established  by  other  observations  on  children, 
principally  by  Dr.  Boas'  investigations. 

The  measurements  of  the  female  head  are  throughout  the  smaller. 
Besides  this,  the  differences  in  the  lateral  diameter  of  the  head, 
between  the  tw^o  sexes  of  the  children,  are  smaller  in  the  female  than 
are  the  differences  in  the  two  sexes  in  the  anterio-posterior  diameter. 
These  facts  show  that  the  female  head  is  totally  smaller  and,  besides 
that,  slightly  mor.^  rounded  than  is  the  male  head. 

When  we  calculate  the  size  of  the  head  in  proportion  to  the  height 
of  the  body  we  still  find  that  the  female  head  is  the  smaller.  The 
greater  roundness  of  the  female  head  is  general  in  all  races  of  people 
and  at  all  ages. 

The  negro  heads  show,  in  the  three  principal  diameters,  a  sliglit 
excess  in  size  over  the  same  measures  in  the  white  children ;  but  we 
should  remember  that  the  colored  children  are  found  to  be  of  an 
average  greater  height,  which  may  account  for  the  greater  size  of 
their  head  and  of  these  diameters. 


Average  Diameter  Antcro-Posterior  Max.  of  the  Head  of  the  Children, 
According  to  Color,  Sexes  and  Ages. 


AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5                              

17-08 
17-27 
17.34 
17-55 
17.69 
17.72 
17-97 
17-91 
18.05 
18.16 
18.18 
18.77 
18.53 

16.60 
16.78 
17.(6 
16.91 

17  35 
17.53 
17.49 
17. H5 
17.87 
17.85 
18.10 

18  80 

"'"is'io 

"i7'66 
18-20 
IS. 08 
18.35 
17.85 
18.09 
18.23 
18.62 
18.91 
18.63 
18.10 

6                       

7      

17.50 

8          

(16.00) 
17.62 

9 

10 

17.90 

11                     . 

17  83 

12                       

18  58 

13 

18.90 

14                  

18.75 

15 

18.20 

16                                            

17                                  

18         

Hrdlicka. 


53 


Average  Diameter  Lateral  MaxiiiiiDii  of  the  Head  of  the  Chihireii, 
According  to  Color,  Sexes  and  Ages. 


AGE. 


White. 


Male. 


5 13.75 

6 '  13  91 

7  14.18 

8.'."'.'..'. 14.27 

9  1  14.33 

10 '4  3*> 

11  14.40 


14.51 
14.61 
14-66 
14  75 
14.83 
14.83 


Female. 


COLOBBD. 


Mate. 


14.00 
13.56 
13.88 
13.88 
14.08 
14.  U3 
14.06 
14.09 
14.25 
14.26 
15.15 
14.90 

isieo 


13.60 
13.30 
13.88 

13  87 
13.52 
14.21 
14.27 
14.15 
14.31 
14.23 

14  25 


Female. 


13.52 

13  10 
13.84 
13.70 
13.53 

14  27 
14.20 
14.10 
14.80 


Average  Height  of  the  Head  of  the  Children,  According  to  Color,  Sexes 

and  Ages. 


AGE. 


Whitk. 


Male.      Female. 


12.40 
12.71 
12.72 
12.76 
Q 12.78 

io::::::::::""""i'"-".--.- 12.81 

n:::::::: 12-84 

12 ! 

13 I 


1  12.96 

i  12.97 

13.07 

li :::::::::"::;;;::;  :::;i;" 1  "02 

ifi                            I  13.38 

i7!!!!!!!]i!!!i!!!!!!i!iil ""..-- 1  ^'-32 

is"..!..... 


11.60 
12.09 
12  25 
12  00 
12.45 
12.47 
12.46 
12.47 
12.47 
12.fi8 
12  66 
13.35 

'i2!96 


Colored. 


Male.     Female. 


12.50 
13.10 
12.85 
12.75 
12.05 
12.86 
12.81 
13.25 
13.22 
13.14 
12.65 


12.50 
12-30 
12.53 
12.45 
12.40 
12.53 
12.65 
12.45 
12.73 


54 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


Average  Cephalic  Index  of  tlic  Children  According  to  Color,  Sexes 

and  As:es. 


AGE. 


White. 


Male.      Female.      Male.     Female 


80.5 
80.7 
81.7 
81.2 
81.0 
81.0 
80.1 
81.0 
80.9 
80.7 
81.1 
79.0 
80.0 


COLOEKD. 


84.3 
80.8 
81.3 
82.1 
81.1 
80.0 
80.4 
78.9 
79.7 
79.8 
83.7 
79.2 


75.1 


80.0 
73.1 
76.7 
75.0 
76.8 
78.5 
78.3 
76.0 
75.8 
76.3 
78.7 


77.2 
81.9 
78.5 
76.5 
75.8 
76.8 
75.1 
75.2 
81.3 


The  relative  size  and  growth  of  the  head  can  be  illustrated  in 
addition  by  the  measure  of  the  circumference  of  the  head  and  by 
the  so-called  Smith's  Module. 

The  circumference  of  the  head  is  not  a  very  favored  measure  in 
anthropology.  The  reasons  for  this  are  that  it  is  often  interfered 
with  by  the  amount  of  hair  of  the  individual  measured,  and  that  it 
has  no  relation  to  the  height  of  the  head,  which  may  differ  very 
widely.  In  children,  where  the  height  of  the  head  does  not  diflfer  as 
much  as  it  does  in  adults,  and  where  the  hair  forms  but  a  very  little 
obstacle  to  measuring,  the  circumference  is  a  fairly  valid  measure. 
It  shows  by  all  means  the  gradual  increase  of  the  head  with  age  of 
the  children,  and  the  differences  in  the  size  of  the  head  among  the 
different  classes  of  children. 


Hrdlicka. 


55 


Average  Head  Circumference  Maximum  of  the  Children,  According 
to  Color,  Sexes  and  Ages. 


AGE. 

White. 

f'OLOBBD. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5 

50.20 
51.67 
51.38 
51.61 
51.97 
52.03 
52.50 
52.58 
53.00 
53.37 
53.30 
54.82 
53.93 

49.35 
49.13 
50.20 
49.80 
50.78 
51.31 
51.12 
51.92 
51.93 
52.81 
54.30 
54.80 

50  50 

6       

7                

51.80        '"'5o!r6 
52.32             47.60 
52.60             52.34 
51.15             52.55 
so  49  '          50  13 

8  

9 

10                       

11                    

!•>        ..           

53-06             54.40 

13         

14 

54  27             53  10 

15  

54  10             .<u  in 

16   

52.75 

17                               

The  module  of  Smith  is  a  term  applied  in  anthropometry  to  an 
abstract  number  which  is  obtained  by  adding  together  the  greatest 
length,  the  greatest  width  and  the  height  of  the  head  and  divid- 
ing the  resultant  by  3.  The  figure  obtained,  although  not  express- 
ing anv  real  size  of  head,  is  nevertheless  a  very  useful  substitute  fDr 
the  real  size  or  capacity  of  the  cranium  and  is  very  useful  in  com- 
parisons. Our  table  below,  which  gives  the  average  modules  of  the 
different  classes  of  children,  shows  how  well  we  can  trace  the  differ- 
ences in  the  size  of  the  head  through  these  abstract  figures.  I  pre- 
fer the  module  for  this  purpose  to  everything  except  the  real  cranial 
capacity,  which,  of  course,  can  only  be  obtained  on  skulls. 

Average  Modtdes  of  the  Head  of  the  Children  According  to  Color, 

Sexes  and  Ages. 


Whitk. 

COLOKBD. 

AGE. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

14.28 
U.64 
14.78 
14.85 
14.94 
14.96 
15.03 
15.12 
15.19 
15.30 
15.31 
15  65 
15.56 

14.07 
14.14 
14.39 
14.3.-. 
14.60 
14  67 
14.67 
14.80 
14.84 
14  93 
15.29 

14-94 
15.00 
14.67 
15.05 
14.78 
15.31 

7                                                             

i4.5i 

e 

9 ::::::;::;:;:;:::::::::::::::::. 

14.66 

10                     

14.70 

14.57 

10              

15.12 

14                                               

15  38 

15.04 

15.22             15.28 

15  00 

56 


AXTIIROPOLOGICAL      IxVESTIGATIOXS. 


There  are  two  more  measurements  of  the  head  which  deserve 
mention.  The  one  is  the  Bin-Auricular  diameter  of  the  head,  which 
shows  the  width  of  the  head  at  about  the  height  of  the  base  of  the 
brain  and  inmiediately  in  front  of  the  ears,  and  the  diameter  frontal 
minimum,  which  shows  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  forehead.  Ac- 
cording to  our  figures,  which  are  given  below,  the  Bin-Auric  Diame- 
ter differs  nmch  less  in  the  two  sexes  of  the  children  than  is  the  case 
with  any  other  measurement  of  the  head  that  we  have  so  far  spoken 
of.  In  the  colored  children  this  diameter  is  always  smaller  than  in 
the  white  children  of  corresponding  ages ;  thus  the  skull  of  the  negro 
child  is  absolutely  narrower  in  this  location,  that  is  at  the  height  of 
the  base  of  the  brain  and  immediately  in  front  of  the  ear,  than  it  is 
in  white  children. 


Average  Diaiiicfcr  Bin-Auric   of   the   Children   According   to   Color, 

Sexes  and  A^es. 


AGE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

5 

10.65 
10-96 
11-33 
1 1 .42 
11.45 
11.56 
11.68 
11.84 
12.00 
12.11 
12.07 
12.51 
12-53 

10.60 
10.92 
11. u« 
11-25 
11.4:i 

11.63 
11.77 
11.83 
12.02 
12.33 
12.58 
11.80 

"""i2!o6 

'io'.so 

11.00 
11.30 
12.99 
11.30 
11-73 
11-64 
11.71 
12.04 
11.85 
12.20 

6 , 

7 

8 

io.99 
10  50 

9 

11  18 

10 

11.25 

11 

11  30 

12 .    . 

12.17 

13 

12.00 

14 

12.25 

15 

12  40 

16 

17 

18 

The  diameter  frontal  minimum  increases  gradually  with  the  ages 
in  all  of  the  children.  The  measure  is  generally  smaller  on  the 
female  heads.  As  to  the  differences  in  this  measure  between  the 
white  and  the  negroes  our  figures  cannot  be  taken  as  conclusive  as 
we  have  a  too  small  a  number  of  the  colored  children.  Up  to  eleven 
years  of  age,  according  to  our  figures,  the  forehead  of  the  negro 
child,  both  male  and  female,  is  on  the  average  somewhat  narrower 
than  the  forehead  of  the  white  child.  After  eleven  years  of  age  the 
conditions  seem  to  be  somewhat  reversed.     I  am  inclined  to  believe, 


Hrdlicka. 


S7 


if  I  consider  all  my  observations  on  negroes  together,  that  the  aver- 
age width  of  the  forehead  is  generally  slightly  smaller  in  these  than 
it  is  in  the  white  people.  In  connection  with  the  fact  that  the  whole 
head  of  the  negro  is  not  smaller,  this  point  would  deserve  a  further 
investigation. 

Arcragc  Diameter  Front  Minbnum  of  the  Children,  According  to  Color, 

Sexes  a)id  Ages. 


AGE. 


White. 


Male.     Female. 


5 
6 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 


9.10 

9  73 

9.78 

9.84 

10.07 

9.97 

10.14 

10.05 

10.20 

10.29 

1U.24 

10  62 

10-23 


9.45 

9.35 

9.53 

9.59 

9.70 

9.86 

9. S3 

10.13 

10  06 

10.27 

10.45 

10.30 


Colored. 


Male.      Female. 


9.50 
9.40 
9  90 
9.95 
9.72 
10.11 
10.26 
10.78 
10.55 
10.33 
10.10 


9.37 
9.U0 
9  78 
9  90 
9.73 
10.33 
10.30 
10.25 
10.70 


The  preceding  figures  conclude  the  study  of  the  measurements 
of  the  children  of  the  Juvenile  Asylum.  To  review  a  few  principal 
facts,  these  measures  show  that  all  the  children  of  the  institution 
taken  as  a  class  are  apparently  somewhat  below  the  average  of  free, 
well  nourished  children  in  their  growth. 

The  asylum  children  are  of  a  somewhat  smaller  stature  and  smaller 
weight  than  are  outside  children  that  are  available  for  comparison. 
It  would  be  very  interesting  in  this  connection  to  know  the  differ- 
ences between  the  children  as  they  enter  here  and  when  they  leave; 
perhaps  it  may  be  possible  to  learn  this  in  future.  Our  measure- 
ments of  the  heads  of  the  children  show  no  great  discrepancies  from 
what  we  know  is  about  the  normal.  There  is  good  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  majority  of  the  inmates  of  the  institution  owe  their 
slight  physical  inferiority  only  to  malnutrition  and  neglect  and  not 
to  inherent  physical  inferiority.  These  subjects  cannot  be  excluded 
from  the  general  average  class  of  children.  There  is,  however,  a 
number  of  individuals  here  heavily  charged  with  bad  heredity,  and 


58  Anthropological  Investigations. 

their  physical  inferiority  is  to  be  referred  to  this  inheritance;  these 
individuals  are  exceptional. 

Besides  the  above  we  have  obtained  some  remarkable  differences 
in  the  measurements  of  the  white  and  the  negro  subjects.  These 
data,  even  if  they  cannot  be  considered  as  decisive  from  these 
studies  alone,  are  nevertheless  valuable  indications  of  the  physical 
differences  between  the  two  classes  of  children. 


Hrdlicka.  59 


PART  III. 

Physical  Differences  Between  White  and  Colored  Chil- 
dren OF  the  Same  Sexes  and  Ages. 

The  differences  between  the  two  classes  of  children  may,  in 
a  resume,  be  arranged  into  those  which  were  observed  equally  in 
both  sexes,  and  those  which  are  prevalent  in  either  the  boys  or  the 
girls.  Some  of  the  characters  in  which  the  white  and  the  black 
children  differ  were  fairly  w^ell  brought  out  in  preceding  parts  of 
this  study  and  will  receive  here  but  a  passing  notice.  Other  differ- 
ences have  not  as  yet  been  mentioned,  and  these  will  receive  more 
consideration. 

Differences  Without  Regard  to  the   Sex    or   Age   of   the 

Children. 

In  a  general  way  it  can  be  stated  that  the  white  children  present 
more  diversity;  the  negro  children  more  uniformity  in  all  their  nor- 
mal physical  characters.  This  becomes  gradually  more  marked  as 
the  age  of  the  children  advances. 

As  to  physical  abnormalities,  those  of  congenital  origin  are  much 
less  frequent  in  the  negro  child  than  they  are  in  the  white  one;  with 
acquired  abnormalities,  principally  the  results  of  rachitic  conditions, 
the  case  is  almost  the  reverse,  those  characters  being  less  frequent  in 
the  white  children. 

In  detail  wc  find  the  following  differences  between  the  two  classes 
of  children: 

Si::c  of  the  Body. 

The  average  height  of  the  colored  child  is  in  all  ages  from  one  to 
three  mm.  greater  than  is  the  average  height  of  white  children,  all 
the  nationalities  of  these  latter  being  taken  together;  it  is  still 
-lightly  greater  when  compared  with  the  average  height  of  only  the 
American-born  children,  who  are  taller  than  the  children  of  most 
other  nationalities. 


6o  Anthropological  Investigations. 

The  average  weight,  unhke  the  height,  is  greater  in  the  white  chil- 
dren at  all  ages  up  to  puberty;  beyond  puberty,  particularly  in  the 
girls,  the  colored  subjects  seem  to  gain  in  weight  more  rapidly  than 
do  the  white  ones. 

The  size  of  the  head  is,  on  the  average,  slightly  smaller  in  the 
negro  children  than  it  is  in  the  white,  provided  we  consider  the  size 
of  the  head  in  its  relation  to  the  size  of  the  body.  There  are  indi- 
vidual exceptions  to  this  rule. 

The  form  of  the  head  is  less  variable  in  the  colored  children  than 
it  is  in  the  American-born  white  children.  A  pure  American  colored 
child  shows  generally  a  pronounced  dolichocephaly,  whilst  the  nor- 
mal white  American  child  will  show  us  everything  from  a  marked 
long  head  to  a  pronounced  brachycephaly.  West  Indies  negro 
children  are  more  frequently  short-headed  than  those  of  North 
American  origin. 

The  hair  of  the  pure  negro  child  is  quite  lusterless  and  as  a  rule 
either  curly  or  wavy,  by  far  more  frequently  the  former  than  the  lat- 
ter. The  proportion  of  wavy  hair  increases  largely  in  mixed  sub- 
jects and  the  same  is  true  about  luster  of  the  hair.  In  white  chil- 
dren, those  of  American  origin  especially,  curly  hair  is  found  very 
seldom,  and  the  curls  always  differ  from  those  of  the  negro;  they 
possess  luster  and  will  never  show  compact  rouleaux  arrangement. 
We  do  find  curly  hair  among  Jewish  children  and  children  born  in 
southern  European  countries,  and  occasionally  also  among  Teutonic 
people.  Wavy  hair  is  quite  common  among  Jewish  and  Syrian 
subjects. 

The  forehead  is  on  the  average  narrower  at  all  ages  in  the  negro 
child  than  it  is  in  the  white.  Tlie  height  of  the  forehead,  however, 
is  not  smaller  in  the  colored  subject,  and  is  occasionally  even  greater 
than  it  is  in  some  of  the  white  children. 

The  face  of  the  colored  children  is  generally  more  prognathic  than 
is  that  of  white  children.  The  prognathism  is  both  facial  and 
alveolar. 

The  malar  bones  are  somewhat  more  prominent  in  the  colored 
child,  but  the  difference  is  not  so  great  as  that  which  may  be  ob- 
served between  a  child  of  a  yellow  race  and  a  white  one. 

The  nose  of  the  negro  is  frequently  shorter  and  generally  lower 


Fig.  12— a  characteristic  nogro  ear:  small  size,  overhanging,  compressed  helix. 


Hrdlicka.  ^  6i 

and  broader  than  the  nose  of  the  white  child.  These  differences  in- 
crease somewhat  with  the  age  of  the  children. 

The  lips  of  the  colored  subjects  are  very  prominent.  This  is 
partly  due  to  the  greater  prognathism  of  the  alveolar  processes,  but 
besides  this  the  lips  of  the  colored  children  are  substantially  thicker 
than  are  those  of  white  children. 

The  mouth  is  broader  and  it  is  also  more  spacious  antero-posteri- 
orly  in  the  negroes.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  colored 
child  the  palate  is  more  spacious  and  longer  than  it  is  in  the  white. 

The  teeth  of  the  negro  children  are  often  stronger  than  are  those 
of  white  individuals.  Irregularities  in  the  setting  of  the  teeth,  which 
are  so  frequent  in  white  children,  are  quite  rare  among  the  colored. 
Dentition  in  the  colored  is  more  regular. 

The  uvula  is  frequently  shorter  and  stouter  in  the  colored 
than  it  is  in  the  white  children,  and  is  less  frequently  deflected  in 
the  former. 

The  lower  jaw  is  often  somewhat  higher  and  the  lower  maxilla  a 
little  stronger  in  the  colored  subjects  than  it  is  in  the  white. 

The  ears  of  the  colored  deserve  special  notice.  They  show  in 
many  cases  a  marked  and  almost  specific  character,  which  is  but 
rarely  seen  in  the  white.  This  character  consists  in  that  the  helix  is 
bent  on  itself  and  compressed  at  the  highest  fourth  of  the  ear.  The 
negro  car  is  also  generally  somewhat  smaller  in  all  its  dimensions 
than  the  white  one.  In  a  certain  proportion  of  cases  the  cars  of  the 
colored  children  are  broader  in  the  lower  half  than  they  are  in  the 
upper. 

The  body  shows  marked  differences  in  the  two  classes  of  children, 
and  some  of  these  differences  are  more  marked  in  children  of  cer- 
tain ages  than  they  are  in  adults.  These  differences  are  more 
marked  in  the  female  children  tlian  in  the  male. 

In  general  the  body  of  the  negro  child  shows  less  adipose  tissue 
and  greater  muscular  development.  The  average  strength  in  each 
arm.  as  measured  by  the  dynamometer  is  greater,  not  only  at  all 
ages  of  the  colored  children,  but  also  when  calculated  in  proportion 
to  every  pound  of  weight  of  the  body. 

The  pelvis  of  the  colored  child  is  more  inclined  f.)n\ards  than 
that  of  the  white  child,  and  this  is  equally  true  in  both  sexes. 


62  Anthropological  Investigations. 

The  arms  of  the  colored  child  are  longer  than  those  of  the  white, 
and  the  arm-spread  relatively  to  the  height  of  the  body  is  greater. 

Both  hands  and  feet,  but  especially  the  feet,  are  longer  in  the 
colored  than  they  are  in  the  white  child.  The  feet  are  flatter  in  the 
colored.  The  thighs  of  the  negro  child  show  a  remarkable  difference 
from  those  of  the  white.  They  appear  not  unlike  the  thighs  of  a 
frog,  being  most  prominent  in  the  middle.  This  character  is  due 
largely  to  a  higher  forward  and  outward  cur\^ature  of  the  thigh 
bone  in  the  colored. 

The  calves  are  somewhat  smaller  in  the  negro  child  than  they  are 
in  the  white  one. 

Differences  Peculiar  to  Boys. 

The  negro  boy  is  generally  well  built,  lean  and  muscular.  The 
body,  unlike  that  of  many  normal  white  boys,  and  unless  deformed 
by  disease,  is  plastic,  straight  and  symmetrical.  His  chest  is  a  little 
deeper. 

The  pelvis  of  the  colored  boy  is  more  inclined  and  in  consequence 
of  this  the  lumbar  curve  is  more  pronounced,  and  the  buttocks  more 
prominent. 

The  penis  of  the  colored  boy  is  generally  longer  than  that  of  a 
white  boy  of  corresponding  age  or  size. 

Differences  Peculiar  to  Female  Children. 

The  colored  girl,  before  the  age  of  puberty,  and  sometimes  even 
beyond  this  period,  is  a  great  deal  more  the  shape  of  a  boy  than  is 
the  case  with  the  white  girl.  Among  white  children,  girls  can  be 
seen  to  show  decided  feminine  characters;  that  is  feminine  shoulders 
and  thorax,  waist  distinctly  narrowed,  large  hips  and  fat  thighs  as 
early  as  8  years  of  life.  Among  negro  female  children  I  have  not 
seen  these  characters  become  manifest  until  after  12  years  of  age  or 
even  much  later.  When  seen  in  profile  the  greater  inclination  of  the 
pelvis  in  the  female  colored  child  becomes  very  apparent. 


Hrdlicka. 


63 


PART  IV. 

Differences    in    the    Children    According    to    Their 
Nationalities. 

The  differences  in  the  children  of  different  nationahties  must  be 
sought  for  principally  in  the  measurements.  All  the  differences 
must  necessarily  be  considered  separately  at  every  age,  and  through 
this  we  are  obliged  to  make  so  many  separations  of  the  children 
that  several  of  the  resulting  groups  of  the  boys  and  almost  all  the 
groups  of  the  girls  become  insufficient  for  comparisons. 

The  positive  results  of  the  comparison  of  the  measurements  of 
the  white  children  of  the  different  nationalities  will  not  be  many,  and 
none  of  those  which  we  obtain  can  be  looked  on  as  definite,  but  are 
subject  to  further  verification. 

Had  we  sufficient  numbers  of  children  and  no  physically  excep- 
tional individuals  among  them,  this  part  of  the  study  would  be 
anthropologically  the  most  interesting  one.  As  the  matter  stands, 
however,  there  are  many  defects  to  it. 

The  differences  in  the  measurements  of  the  children  can  be  shown 
in  the  plainest  way  by  a  table  in  which  the  figures  under  the  different 
headings  represent  the  positions  which  the  children  of  the  different 
groups  occupy  in  that  particular  respect  in  the  total  number  of  the 
age  series.  The  figures  will  do  more  justice  to  children  of  most 
nationalities  than  they  will  do  to  Americans,  a  large  proportion  of 
whom  come  from  families  which  are  in  various  ways  defective. 

Average  Positions  Which  the  Children  of  DifFcrcnt  Nationalities  Occupy 
in  the  Total  Number  of  tfie  Age  Series. 


<-i 

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li 

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« 

0 

c 

s 

u 

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h 

S 

JS 

e 

<ss 

9 

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.a 

0 

s 

3 

= 

J3 

a< 

ft; 

0 

2 

1 
1 
2 
5 
3 
4 

2 

8 

1 
5 
4 
6 

1 

! 

3 
8 
5 

2 

J 
3 
4 
5 
6 

5 

Jj.jgjj                                                                                                                           

. 

64  Anthropological  Investigations. 

I  will  not  make  man}-  remarks  about  the  above  figures.  The 
American  children,  notwithstanding  the  many  physically  inferior 
individuals  among  them,  occupy  the  highest  average  position.  Only 
next  to  them  are  the  Irish,  and  the  Germans  follow  very  closely. 
The  Russian  Jews  and  the  Syrians  are  physically  the  most  inferior 
of  the  children. 

Among  the  few  single  remarkable  facts  are  (a)  the  unevenness  of 
the  relations  of  the  weight  and  force  of  the  children  of  the  different 
nationalities;  (b)  the  disproportion  between  the  circumference  of 
the  head  and  the  width  of  the  forehead  in  Irish  children;  (c)  a  dis- 
proportion in  the  same  figures,  but  of  opposite  nature  with  the 
Russian  Jews ;  (d)  the  highest  weight  with  a  second-class  height  and 
fourth-class  force  in  the  Germans ;  (e)  the  height  of  the  head  in  the 
Syrians. 

According  to  the  preceding  figures  the  American  and  the  Irish 
children  are  the  tallest;  the  Germans  are  the  heaviest;  the  Americans 
are  the  most  powerful;  the  Irish  children  have  the  largest  circumfer- 
ence of  the  head,  but  at  the  same  time  the  smallest  width  of  the 
forehead,  while  the  forehead  is  widest  in  the  Russian  Jews  and  the 
Italians;  in  the  height  of  the  head  the  first  place  belongs  to  the 
Syrians. 


Hrdlicka.  65 


PART  V. 
Separate  Report  on  the  Entirely  Normal  Children. 

There  were  found,  as  stated  already  before,  among  the  1,000 
children  examined  in  the  asylum,  58  white  boys,  35  white  girls,  5 
colored  boys  and  7  colored  girls,  on  whose  bodies  there  was  not 
found  even  a  single  pronounced  abnormality. 

Of  the  white  children,  8  boys  and  i  girl  were  born  of  American 
parents,  20  boys  and  24  girls  born  of  Italian  parents,  10  boys  and 
2  girls  were  of  German,  and  8  boys  and  i  girl  of  Russian  origin. 
The  remaining  children  out  of  the  58  boys  and  35  girls  were  divided 
in  small  numbers  among  various  nationalities. 

If  we  reduce  the  above  numbers  to  percentages,  we  obtain  for 
the  American  boys  13.8  per  cent.;  for  the  girls  2.85  per  cent. of  phys- 
ically normal  children  from  the  whole  number  of  children  of  this 
nationality  examined.  For  the  Italian  boys,  similar  proportions  are 
34.5  per  cent.;  for  the  Italian  girls  68.6  per  cent.;  for  the  German 
boys  17.2  per  cent.;  for  the  girls  5.7  per  cent.;  and  for  the  Russian 
boys  13.8  per  cent.;  for  the  girls  2.85  per  cent,  of  the  total.  Now, 
among  the  total  of  white  children,  these  four  nationalties  were 
represented  as  follows: 

American 

Italian 

German 

Russian 

If  we  compare  the  two  classes  of  percentages  we  see  that  the 
entirely  normal  American  children  are  proportionately  much  less 
frequent  to  the  whole  percentage  in  the  institution  than  are  any  of 
the  other  three  groups  of  children.  The  reason  for  this,  in  my 
opinion,  lies  in  the  fact  that  many  of  the  children  of  foreigners  jre 
sent  to  the  institution  for  poverty  simply  and  may  proceed  from 
parents  who  are  physically  and  otherwise  entirely  normal.  Children 
5 


Boys. 
% 

Girlf. 
* 

21  .  I 

9.8 

33-2 

61  .2 

14.6 

9.1 

8.8 

2.  I 

66 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


of  American  parents,  on  the  other  hand,  are  more  frequently  sent 
here  for  real  destitution,  or  as  a  result  of  various  transgressions  and 
such  children  are  more  liable  to  proceed  from  parents  who  are 
themselves  not  physically  normal  and  who  left  to  their  children  as  an 
inheritance  various  physical  irregularities  and  predispositions. 

The  family  history  of  the  children  who  are  without  any  physical 
abnormalities  is  very  clear.  Among  the  parents  of  all  these  105 
children  only  2  persons  were  intemperate,  2  persons  insane,  and 
2  persons  who  deserted  the  family.  In  60  instances  among  the 
white  children,  and  in  2  instances  among  the  colored,  both  of  the 
parents  of  the  child  were  still  living,  and  in  only  4  cases  of  the 
white  and  3  cases  of  the  colored  children  were  both  parents  dead. 
Among  the  causes  of  death  of  the  deceased  parents,  so  far  as  we 
could  ascertain,  9  persons  died  of  consumption,  2  of  menmgitis,  and 
all  the  remaining  of  acute  diseases  or  of  accidents. 

The  measurements  of  the  children  without  any  physical  abnor- 
malities, when  compared  with  the  average  measurements  of  all  tne 
children  who  are  in  the  institution,  are  almost  generally,  at  least  so 
with  the  boys,  superior.  This  point  will  be  best  appreciated  by  the 
perusal  of  the  following  table: 


Boys — White. 


(1) 

All. 

(2)  Physically  entirely  normal. 

Height. 

Weight. 

Pressure 
Force, 

Pressure 
Force, 

Circumference 

Diameter 
Frontal 

Right  Hand. 

Left  Hand. 

• 

Minimum. 

AGE. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Bim. 

lb8. 

Ihs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

m. 

5 

961 

971 

33 

3-i.O 

10 

12 

10 

10 

50.20 

49.6 

9.10 

8.90 

8 

1152 

1052 

47 

39.7 

20 

16 

18 

16 

51.60 

51.0 

9.84 

9.30 

9 

1212 

1232 

53 

56.0 

24 

28 

24 

28 

51.97 

52.55 

10.07 

10.20 

10 

1248 

1258 

57 

58.4 

28  !      28.5 

26 

27 

52.00 

52.6 

9.97 

10.12 

11 

1315 

1360 

64 

73.0 

32 

38 

.-to 

36 

52.50 

.S3. 2 

10.14 

10.40 

12  .... 

1362 

1343 

70 

65.2 

36 

34.5 

34 

33 

52.58 

52.0 

10.05 

9.93 

13  .... 

1420 

1482 

81 

89.8 

40 

47.5 

38 

44 

53.00 

53.55 

10  20 

10.50 

14 

1449 

1464 

84 

91.5 

44 

49 

40 

46 

53.37 

54  4 

10.29 

10.50 

15  .... 

1462 

1497 

85 

97.0 

48 

56 

46 

50 

53.30 

54.1 

10.24 

10.20 

Hrdlick,\. 


67 


Girls— IV  kite. 

(1)  All.        (2)  The  physically  entirely  normal. 


AGE. 

Height. 

Weight. 

Prepsuhe 

Force, 

Right  Hand. 

Pressure 

Force. 

Left  Hand. 

Circumference 
OP  Head. 

UIAMETEB 

Fro.stal 
Minimum. 

1 

ram. 
1088 
1130 
1187 
12t)7 
1304 
1431 

2 

mm. 
1134 
1057 
1170 
1264 
1312 
1417 

1 

2 

1 

0 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

7.... 

8  .... 

9  .... 

10  .... 

11  .... 
13  .... 

lbs. 
42 
45 
52 
60 
65 
84 

lbs 

43 

36  6 

50.5 

58 

66 

81.5 

Ib.o, 
12 
16 
18 
24 
26 
36 

lbs. 
12 
13 
18 

22-5 
28.5 
32 

lbs. 
12 
16 
16 
22 
24 
32 

lb.<». 
11.5 
10.5 
16 
21 

25.5 
31 

cm. 

50.2 

49.8 

50.78 

51.3 

51.1 

51.9 

cm. 
50-7 
48.9 
50.7 
51.3 
51.6 
51.7 

cm. 
9.53 
9.59 
9.7 
9.86 
9.83 
10.1 

cm. 
9.8 
9.5 
9.8 
9.9 
9.8 
lO.l 

Teeth. 

In  addition  to  the  examination  of  the  body,  hmbs  and  other  pre- 
viously mentioned  parts,  attention  was  given  also  to  the  condition 
of  the  teeth  of  the  children.  Among-  this  class  of  individuals  tiie 
condition  of  the  teeth  was  found  to  be  fiiic,^  that  is  there  were  no 
more  decayed  and  absent  teeth  in  tlic  mouth  than  up  to  two,  in  54, 
or  53  per  cent,  of  the  cases.  The  teeth  were  good,  that  is,  there  were 
between  two  and  six  lost  and  decayed,  in  36  per  cent,  of  the  cases. 
The  teeth  were  mediocre,  that  is,  there  were  lost  and  decayed  more 
than  six  but  less  than  a  half  of  the  total  number,  in  a  little  over 
9  per  cent,  of  the  cases;  and  of  bad  teeth,  or  those  where  a  half  or 
more  of  the  total  number  were  lost  and  decayed,  there  were  three 
cases,  or  about  3  per  cent,  of  the  total. 

Careful  inquiries  were  made  with  the  teachers  and  attendants  ci 
the  children  as  to  their  abilities  in  learning  and  as  to  their  char- 
acters since  they  have  been  under  observation.  From  the  data  thus 
collected  it  appears  that  there  were  among  these  children  87,  or  83 
per  cent.,  with  abilities  that  could  be  said  to  be  about  the  average 
for  children  of  the  same  ages  outside  the  institution.  In  3  per  cent, 
of  the  cases  the  abilities  of  the  children  were  decidedly  superior;  and 
in  14  per  cent,  the  abilities  were  in  some  way  inferior  to  the  general 
average.  Almost  half  of  the  children  with  inferior  abilitii-s  in  learn- 
ing had  some  known  bad  heredity. 

*  The  denominations  used   here  are  entirely  arbitrary,  but   I   have  used  ihem  extensively  in 
examining  different  classes  of  people  and  tind  them  very  satisfactory. 


68  Anthropological  Investigations. 

As  to  the  character  of  tliis  class  of  children,  this  can  be  judged  of 
in  two  ways;  first,  by  the  cause  of  commitment  to  the  institution, 
and,  second,  by  the  conduct  of  the  child  since  confinement.  This 
second  criterion  is  undoubtedly  the  safer. 

As  to  the  cause  of  coming-  here,  as  stated  on  admission  of  the 
children,  we  find  that  13  individuals  of  the  whole  number  of  105  were 
sent  here  for  truancy,  9  for  disobedience,  2  for  running  away,  i  For 
staying  out  late,  i  for  begging,  i  for  petty  larceny,  i  for  pilfer- 
ing, and  3  for  being  ungovernable.  All  these  together  amount 
to  30  per  cent,  of  the  105  children,  the  remaining  70  per  cent,  came 
here  either  for  a  home  or  on  account  of  poverty  of  their  parents  or 
guardians. 

Observation  of  the  children  since  they  have  been  in  the  insti- 
tution shows  that  3,  only,  out  of  the  105,  behaved  persistently  badly. 
Two  of  these  individuals  had  at  the  same  time  inferior  learning 
abilities  and  bad  heredity. 

The  conclusion  which  can  be  made  from  the  above  data  is,  that 
the  physically  entirely  normal  children  are  liable  both  to  be  children 
with  little  heredity  predisposition,  and  with  fairly  normal  abilities 
and  character.  These  facts  will  be  much  better  appreciated  after 
several  of  the  following  sections  of  this  study  have  been  perused  by 
the  reader.  That  there  should  be  found  among  the  children  who 
have  no  physical  abnormalities  a  certain  percentage  with  inferior 
abilities  and  with  a  persistent  bad  behavior,  shows  that  the  mental 
system  can  not  be  looked  at  as  a  mere  reflection  of  the  state 
of  the  body,  or  the  reverse;  the  brain  can  apparently  have  properties 
which  are  not  perceptible  in  the  external  parts  of  the  individual. 


Hrdlicka. 


69 


PART  VI. 
Children  With  Five  or  More  Abnormalities. 

There  were  found  of  such  children  62  white  males,  16  white 
females,  8  colored  males  and  i  colored  female,  in  all  87. 

The  measures  of  these  children  show  that  almost  50  per  cent,  of 
the  individuals  of  this  class  (48.3  per  cent.)  are  in  their  principal 
measurements  below  the  general  average  obtained  on  all  the  chil- 
dren of  similar  ages  in  the  institution.  The  following  table  shows  a 
comparison  of  the  principal  average  measurements  of  the  abnormal 
white  boys  with  those  obtained  on  all  the  white  boys  in  the  institu- 
tion. 

Boys—JVhife. 

(1)  All.    (2)  Boys  will)  5  or  iviore  abnormalities. 


Height. 

Weight. 

PRESS0RE 

Force. 

Presscre 

FOBCE. 

CiRCCMFEHENCE 

Diameter 
Front 

AG 

rE. 

Right  Hand. 

Left  Hand. 

MlNlSICM. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

mm 

mm. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs 

lbs. 

lbs. 

ctn. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

6 

...      lOil 

1120 

40 

45 

14 

16 

12 

14 

■     51.67 

52.0      9.73  1       9.9 

7 

...      1120 

1113 

4.T 

45 

18 

20 

16 

18 

51.38 

51.4      9.78 

9.7 

8 

...      1152 

1181 

47 

48 

20 

20 

18 

IH 

51.61 

51.4      9.84 

9.9 

9 

...      1212 

U'05 

53 

52 

24 

26 

24 

24 

51.97 

.•iO.9    10.07 

9  8 

10 

..        1248 

VIM 

57 

51 

28 

22 

26 

22 

52.03 

51.5     9.97 

9.7 

U 

...      1.315 

1306 

64 

62 

32 

32 

30 

30 

52.50 

53.2    10.14 

9.9 

12 

...      1362 

1369 

70 

70 

36 

34 

34 

32 

52.58 

53.2    10.05 

10.1 

13 

...      1420 

1420 

81 

76 

40 

42 

38 

38 

53.(10 

52.5  1 10.20 

9.8 

14 

...1     1449 

1478 

84 

84 

44 

44 

40 

42 

53.37 

53.2  110.29 

10.2 

15 

...      1462 

1422 

8i 

74 

48 

42 

46 

38 

53.30 

53.6  110.24 

10.1 

16 

...      1615 

1606 

115 

107 

68 

66 

53 

64 

54.82 

54.5    10.62 

10.5 

Inquiries  as  to  the  nationalities  of  these  children  show  that  21 
or  about  27  per  cent,  of  the  white  boys  were  of  American  parentage, 
24  or  about  31  per  cent,  were  Italians,  and  11  or  about  14  per  cent, 
were  Germans.  The  proportion  of  abnormal  children  is  much  smal- 
ler among  the  Italians  than  is  the  proportion  of  the  children  of  this 
nationality  to  the  total  of  white  children  in  the  institution.  Of  the 
Germans  it  is  about  the  same,  but  of  the  Americans  it  is  considerably 
greater.     These  facts  are  to  be  explained  on  the  same  b^is  as  I  men- 


70  Anthropological  Investigations. 

tioned  in  connection  with  the  children  who  were  entirely  free  from 
physical  abnormalities. 

There  were  made  similar  inquiries  as  to  the  ability  at  learning  and 
character  of  the  children  who  show  many  abnormalities,  as  were 
made  with  the  other  groups  of  children.  Pains  were  taken  to  se- 
cure these  data  as  reliable  as  possible. 

These  inquiries  reveal  that,  as  to  ability  at  learning,  there  are 
only  55  or  about  63  per  cent,  of  the  children  of  this  class  who  are  in 
this  respect  up  to  the  average  of  pubHc  school  children,  28  indi- 
viduals, or  a  little  over  32  per  cent.,  are  of  inferior  abilities,  while  four 
children  are  exceptionablly  bright.  It  would  seem  from  these 
figures  that  numerous  abnormalities  of  the  body  stand  frequently 
in  connection  with  inferior  abilities  of  the  mind.  However,  such  a 
combination  is  far  from  general,  and  occasionally  a  body  offering 
many  abnormalities  is  associated  with  very  good  mental  powers. 

As  to  the  character  of  the  children  of  this  class,  so  far  as  we  can 
judge  from  the  causes  which  brought  the  child  here,  it  is  inferior  to 
the  children  who  are  physically  free  of  abnormalities.  The  per- 
centage of  children  with  five  or  more  abnormalities  who  were  sent  to 
the  asylum  for  some  bad  conduct  was  30  per  cent,  of  the  total,  which 
is  an  equal  proportion  to  that  which  we  have  seen  with  the  physi- 
cally normal  children.  But  there  are  two  points  of  difference  be- 
tween the  two  classes  of  individuals.  In  the  first  place,  almost  all 
the  younger  children  with  man}'  abnormalities,  that  is  children  be- 
low 10  years  of  age,  were  sent  here  for  destitution.  Out  of  the  re- 
maining children  of  this  class,  that  is,  those  after  10  years  of  age, 
a  very  great  proportion  were  misbehaved  individuals.  This  fact 
was  noticed  to  a  much  smaller  extent  among  children  free  from  phy- 
sical defects.  The  second  point  of  difiference  consists  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  offences.  I  gave  in  Part  V  the  offences  of  the  physi- 
cally normal  individuals.  They  were:  in  12.4  per  cent,  of  the  105 
normal  children  truancy ;  in  8.6  per  cent,  disobedience ;  in  3  per  cent, 
ungovernable ;  in  2  per  cent,  running  away ;  in  i  per  cent,  each  stay- 
ing out,  begging,  petit  larceny  and  pilfering.  Of  the  87  children 
with  five  or  more  abnormalities:  in  11.5  per  cent,  of  the  cases  the 
children  were  brought  here  for  disobedience;  in  10.3  per  cent,  for 
truancy;  in  5.7  per  cent. for  petit  larceny;  in  1.15  per  cent,  for  pilfer- 


Hrdlicka.  71 

ing-  and  in  1.15  per  cent,  burglary.  The  character  of  the  offences  on 
the  whole  was  more  grave  with  the  physically  defective  children. 

As  to  the  behavior  of  the  children  of  this  class  since  under  obser- 
vation in  the  asylum,  their  conduct  was  stated  to  be  persistently  bad 
in  some  way  in  15  cases,  or  17  per  cent,  of  the  total. 

It  seems,  whatever  causes  there  may  be  for  the  fact,  that  the 
children  with  numerous  physical  abnormalities  are  also  more  liable 
to  abnormalities  of  character  than  are  the  children  who  are  physi- 
cally entirely  normal.  The  phenomenon  may  perhaps  be  explained 
from  two  main  standpoints.  On  the  one  hand,  the  child  with 
numerous  abnormalities  carries  in  the  majority  ot  the  cases  more 
serious  predisposition  inherited  from  its  parents,  and  this  predis- 
position affects  not  only  its  body  but  also  diminishes  its  energy  and 
self  control.  Besides  this,  children  whose  parents  were  physically 
inferior  have  undoubtedly  suffered  more  from  neglect  and  from  in- 
sufficient training,  as  a  class,  than  children  whose  parents  we  have 
reason  to  believe  were  physically  normal,  and  these  conditions  have 
left  a  mark  on  their  character. 

In  illustration  of  this  last  point  wc  find  that  among  the  87  children, 
in  seven  cases  both  of  the  parents  were  dead,  in  22  cases  the  father 
alone  and  in  13  cases  the  mother  alone  were  dead. 

The  kind  of  heredity  these  children  have  received  is  shown  well 
enough  by  the  number  of  their  dead  parents,  but  it  illustrated  in 
addition,  even  from  the  scarce  information  we  have  in  this  respect, 
by  the  fact  that  12  of  the  parents  of  the  children  were  intemperate,  3 
deserted  their  family,  and  i  was  a  forger. 

The  children  who  show  many  physical  abnormalities  should  not 
be  condemned  and  looked  upon  as  any  inferior  beings,  simply  be- 
cause of  their  physical  abnormalities.  But  it  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  many  of  these  children  may  require  an  additional  and  pro- 
longed care.  \\'ith  such  care  the  majority  of  them  will  develop 
into  good  members  of  the  community. 


72 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


PART  VII. 
Children  who  were  Criminal  or  Vicious. 

In  this  class  we  find  72  males  and  only  5  females.  The  prepon- 
derance of  the  males  over  the  females  among  the  children  with 
decidedly  bad  characters  is  remarkable. 

The  measure  table  of  the  criminal  or  vicious  children  given  below 
will  show  that  there  is  no  general  physical  inferiority  to  be  observed 
in  these  children  as  a  class.  To  this  there  are,  however,  individual 
exceptions. 

White— Males. 


(1)  All.    ;2) 

Children  who 

are  criminal  or  vicious. 

Height. 

Weight. 

PEESSUEE 
FOBCB, 

Pressure 

Force, 

Circumference 
OF  Head. 

Diameter, 
Frontal 

AGE. 

Right  Hand. 

Left  Hand. 

Minimum. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

mm. 

mm. 

lbs. 

lbs 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

10.... 

1248 

1234 

57 

56 

28 

28 

26 

27.2 

52.03 

51-5 

9  97 

9.9 

11.... 

1315 

1339 

64 

67.9 

32 

34.2 

30 

32-2 

52.50 

53.0 

10-14 

10.1 

12  ... 

1362 

1375 

70 

72 

36 

40 

34 

36 

52  58 

53.1 

10.05 

10.1 

13.... 

1420 

1417 

81 

77 

40 

42 

38 

38 

53.00 

52.8 

10.20 

10.0 

14.--. 

1449 

1467 

»4 

85 

44 

44 

4U 

40.4 

53  37 

53.2 

10.29 

10.1 

15.... 

1462 

1482 

85 

91 

48 

50.6 

46 

48 

53.30 

53.8 

10.24 

10.4 

16.... 

1615 

16IU 

115 

114 

68 

66 

53 

62 

54.82 

54.9 

10.62 

10.4 

17.... 

1654 

1729 

122 

133 

74 

89 

72 

84 

53.93 

54.6 

10.23 

10.6 

As  to  the  parentage  of  this  class  of  children  in  19  cases,  or  27.5 
per  cent.,  the  white  individuals  were  of  American  parentage.  (This 
fact  accounts  to  a  certain  extent  for  the  value  of  some  of  the  average 
physical  measurements.)  In  18  instances,  or  26  per  cent.,  the  chil- 
dren were  of  German  parentage,  and  in  14  instances,  or  20  per 
cent.,  these  children  were  Russian  Jews.  There  was  no  Syrian  among 
these  individuals  and,  what  is  very  remarkable,  considering  the 
number  of  children  of  this  nationality  in  the  institution,  there  was 
only  one  Italian.  The  preponderance  of  American  children  among 
the  criminal  and  vicious  children  must  be  referred  to  the  same 
causes  which  I  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  entirely  normal 
children. 


Hrdlicka.  73 

There  was  found  a  lesser  proportion  of  abnormalities  to  each  of 
the  children  of  this  class  than  we  will  find  to  be  the  case  with  children 
of  some  of  the  following  groups.  Nevertheless,  the  proportion  is 
slightly  above  the  general  averages  in  the  institution.  There  were 
to  each  white  boy  3.1  of  abnormalities;  to  each  white  girl  2.5;  to  each 
colored  male  2.6,  while  the  i  colored  female  was  entirely  normal. 
Among  the  total  of  231  abnormalities  of  all  classes  there  were  41,  or 
about  17  per  cent,  of  serious  nature,  and  70,  or  a  little  over  30  per 
cent.,  of  indifferent  nature,  while  the  remaining  120  were  of  medium 
significance.  Additionally,  in  three  cases  there  was  observed  a 
serious  condition  of  the  heart. 

If  we  consider  the  above  data  on  the  criminal  and  vicious  children 
in  the  institution,  and  then  compare  them  with  similar  data  ob- 
tained from  other  groups  of  children  here  reported,  we  must  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  misbehaved  children  are  not  characterized 
as  a  class  by  any  considerable  physical  inferiority,  or  by  any  great 
proportion  of  physical  abnormalities;  nor  have  I  found  that  any 
particular  atypical  character  could  be  said  to  be  characteristic  of 
this  class  of  individuals.  In  consequence  it  seems  to  me  the  causes 
for  the  bad  conduct  and  character  of  many  of  the  children  of  this 
class  must  be  attributed,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  not  so  much  to  their 
constitution  as  to  the  social  circumstances  and  environment  to  which 
they  were  subjected. 

As  to  the  teeth,  they  were  found  in  31  per  cent,  of  the  criminal 
or  vicious  children  to  be  in  fine  condition;  in  51  per  cent,  of  the 
cases  they  were  good;  in  14.3  per  cent,  of  the  cases  they  were 
mediocre,  and  in  2.6  per  cent,  they  were  bad.  The  condition  of  the 
teeth  is  inferior  in  these  subjects  to  the  conditions  found  in  the 
physically  entirely  normal  children. 

The  itemized  causes  of  the  commitment  of  the  individuals  of  this 
class  are  as  follows:  Admitted  as  ungovernable,  25;  for  petit  lar- 
ceny, 24;  for  pilfering,  12;  for  burglary,  6;  for  stealing.  3;  for 
assault,  2;  for  attempted  theft,  2;  for  grand  larceny,  i;  for  pocket 
picking,  i;  and  for  an  attempt  at  burglary,  i. 

Since  these  children  have  been  in  the  asylum,  75,  out  of  a  total 
of  yy,  were  found  to  be  entirely  tractable  and  have  behaved  in  a 
satisfactory  way.  The  remaining  2  show,  both,  sneaking  disposi- 
tion, cowardice  and  a  tendency  to  lying. 


74  Anthropological  Investigations. 

As  to  the  abilities  at  learning  of  the  criminal  or  vicious  children^ 
lo  out  of  jy,  or  13  per  cent.,  were  found  with  inferior  abilities;  in 
2  cases  the  children  were  extraordinarily  bright;  and  in  65  cases, 
or  85  per  cent,  of  the  total,  the  abilities  were  equal  to  the  average 
ability  of  children  outside  the  institution. 

I  may  mention  in  this  connection  that  I  have  considerable  con- 
fidence in  the  data  as  to  the  ability  of  the  children,  for  many  of  the 
teachers  in  the  institution  have  had  a  long  experience  in  teaching  in. 
the  public  schools. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  remark  that  out  of  the  10  children  with 
inferior  abilities  of  learning,  6  were  committed  for  larger  trans- 
gressions (3  pilfering,  l  assault,  i  petit  larceny,  i  burglary);  the 
remaining  4  were  ungovernable. 

Taking  all  the  above  data  on  this  class  of  children  into  considera- 
tion, I  think  that  the  criminal  and  vicious  subjects  show  very  favor- 
ably, and  with  the  proper  treatment  give  great  hopes  as  to  their 
future.  What  seems  to  me  of  the  greatest  importance  in  connection 
with  these  children  is  that  their  sojourn  in  the  asylum  should  be 
sufBciently  prolonged  so  that  the  good  new  habits  may  become  a 
part  of  the  nature  of  these  children.  With  such  treatment  I  think 
this  class  would  turn  out  exceedingly  few  inveterate  criminals. 


Hrdlicka. 


75 


PART  VIII. 

Cpiildrex  Whose  Parents  were  Intemperate,  Criminal,  In- 
sane OR  Dissolute. 

This  class  of  children  carries  undoubtedly  not  only  many  defects, 
the  result  of  bad  inheritance,  but  also  the  consequences  of  bad  en- 
vironment. We  find  altogether  6i  of  such  children  in  the  institution; 
24  of  these  are  native  born,  9  are  colored  children  born  in  this 
country,  and  28  are  partly  or  wholly  foreign. 

Members  of  this  class  of  children  come  into  the  Asylum,  almost  as 
a  rule,  very  young  and  generally  for  destitution^  being  early  aban- 
doned, or  left  orphans  by  their  parents. 

In  measurements  children  of  this  class  are  generally  inferior  to 
children  with  normal  inheritance.  Almost  60  per  cent,  of  the  indi- 
viduals of  this  class  were  found  to  be  inferior  in  their  principal  meas- 
urements to  the  general  averages  of  the  corresponding  classes  of  the 
asylum  children.  The  following  comparative  table  shows  these  dif- 
ferences better  than  words  could. 


Boys— White. 

(1)  All.        (2)  Those  whose  parents  were  insane,  intemperate,  dissolute  or  criminal. 


Pressure 

Pressdre 

ClRCUMFKB- 

Diameter 

Height. 

Weioht. 

Force, 

Force. 

ENCE  OF 

Fko.vt 

Right  Hand. 

Left  Hand. 

Head. 

Minimum. 

AGE. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

mm. 

mm. 

lbs 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

IbH. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

5 

961 

951 

33 

34 

10  1      10 

10 

8 

.'^.2 

50.8 

0.10 

9.3 

6  .... 

1051 

1023 

40 

36 

14 

11.5 

12 

10.5 

51.67 

51.2 

9.73           ».» 

7 

1120 

1071 

45 

39 

18 

12.5 

16 

10 

51.38 

50.6 

9.78 

9.8 

8 

1152 

1187 

47 

47 

20 

20 

18 

18 

51.61 

50.9 

9.84 

9.6 

9  ... 

1212 

1217 

53 

50 

24 

24 

24 

22 

51.97 

51.8 

10.07 

0.9 

10  .... 

1248 

1233 

57 

51.6 

28 

27 

26 

25 

52.03 

51.8 

9.07 

9.9 

11 

13i5 

1244 

64 

58.0 

32 

29 

30 

27.6 

52.50 

51.4 

10.14 

9.6 

12 

1362 

1348 

70 

64.7 

36 

34 

31 

31 

52  58 

51.6 

10  05 

9.S& 

13  .... 

1420 

a  1388 
b  1642 

81 

a    75 
b  124 

40 

a  40 

b50 

38 

a  30 
b50 

53.00 

a  52  0 
b&5.4 

10.20 

•  10.0 
blO.9 

14  .... 

U«9 

1401 

84 

71 

44 

36 

40  '       32 

53.37 

52  1 

10.29 

10.6 

l.-i 

14B2 

1444 

85 

81 

48         47.5 

40         43.5 

53.30 

53  7 

10.24 

10  3 

17  .... 

1654 

15U6 

122 

100 

74  1       46 

72         46 

53.93 

53.7 

10.23 

9  & 

a  and  b  represent  two  individuals. 


yd  Anthropological  Investigations. 

The  children  whose  parents  were  intemperate,  insane,  etc.,  are 
burdened  with  numerous  physical  abnormalities.  The  proportions 
of  abnormalities  to  each  child  of  this  class  were  as  follows:  In  white 
boys,  3.33;  in  white  girls,  2.44;  in  colored  boys,  3.75  and  in  colored 
girls,  2.20  to  each  individual.  These  proportions  are  above  those 
which  were  obtained  on  all  the  children  of  the  same  sexes  and  color 
in  the  asylum  together.  Out  of  a  total  of  185  abnormalities  45  or 
about  24  per  cent,  were  of  a  serious  character,  while  31  per  cent, 
were  of  more  or  less  indifferent  nature.  There  were  among  these  61 
children  observed  in  addition,  5  cases  of  disturbances  of  the  heart, 
of  which  at  least  one  was  serious. 

The  teeth  in  this  class  of  subjects  are  in  a  condition  much  inferior 
to  that  found  in  the  physically  normal  children.  Fine  teeth  were 
found  in  only  23  per  cent,  of  the  cases,  good  teeth  in  54  per  cent, 
mediocre  teeth  in  20  per  cent,  and  bad  teeth  in  3.2  per  cent,  of  the  61 
cases. 

Among  the  causes  of  admission  of  this  class  of  children,  we  find 
that  56  out  of  the  61  individuals  were  brought  here  for  destitution. 
Of  the  others,  3  were  sent  here  for  disobedience,  i  for  pilfer- 
ing and  I  for  truancy.  As  most  of  the  individuals  of  this  class 
have  to  be  sent  here  very  early  for  destitution,  there  has  been  but 
very  little  time  for  them  to  develop  or  show  fully  an  abnormal  char- 
acter. 

While  inside  of  the  institution  52  of  the  children  behaved  well, 
9  or  about  15  per  cent,  of  the  class  showed  a  persistent  bad 
character.  This  proportion  of  persistently  badly  behaved  indi- 
viduals under  confinement  is  not  equalled  in  any  other  class  of  chil- 
dren in  the  asylum. 

As  to  the  abilities  at  learning  of  this  class  of  subjects,  this  shows 
also  worse  than  in  any  other  class  of  children  in  the  institu- 
tion. In  almost  28  per  cent,  of  the  cases  the  ability  of  these  children 
is  distinctly  inferior.  In  3  individuals  there  were  observed  special 
brightness  or  ability  in  some  directions,  while  abilities  approaching 
the  average  of  outside  children  exists  only  in  41  or  in  about  67  per 
cent,  of  the  total. 

Thus  the  children  who  carry  a  serious  burden  of  heredity  are 
found  as  a  class  and  with  very  few  exceptions  as  individuals  to  be  in 


Hrdlicka.  yj 

many  particulars  inferior,  not  only  to  entirely  normal  children  but 
even  to  the  average  child  of  the  institution  and  even  to  the  simple 
orphans.  Of  all  the  classes  of  children  the  treatment  of  this  one 
appears  to  me  to  be  the  least  hopeful.  No  individuals  of  this  sort 
should  be  discharged  from  the  asylum  except  after  a  prolonged  stay 
and  only  when  they  can  be  placed  in  much  superior  conditions  than 
were  those  from  which  they  came. 


78 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


PART  IX. 

Orphans  or  Children  whose  Both  Parents  are  Dead. 

Of  this  class  of  individuals  there  were  found  38  in  all  in  the  asylum. 
In  all  probability  many  of  these  individuals  carry  some  serious  hered- 
itary predisposition.  About  40  per  cent,  of  these  children  were 
found  to  be  subaverage  in  their  principal  physical  measurements.  I 
will  give  here  a  few  rows  of  figures  which  will  show  the  differences 
in  the  measurements  of  this  class  of  children  from  the  general  aver- 
ages obtained  on  all  the  white  children  of  the  same  sex  in  the  asy- 
lum.    Only  the  boys  are  in  a  sufficient  number  to  be  compared. 

Boys — White. 

(1)  All.        (2)  Children  wbose  both  parents  are  (lead. 


Height. 

Weight. 

Pressure 
Force, 

Presscee 
Force. 

Circumference 
OF  Head. 

Diameter 
Frontal 

Right  Hand. 

Left  Hand. 

Minimum. 

AGE. 

1 

2 
mm. 

1 

2 

1 

2 

I 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

mm. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

8.... 

1152 

1136 

47 

43  5 

20 

18 

18 

15 

51.6 

52.6 

9.84 

10.2 

10.... 

1248 

1232 

57 

53.5 

28 

26 

26 

24 

52.0 

53.0 

9.97 

10.4 

11.... 

1315 

1320 

64 

6(5 

32 

32.5 

30 

31.5 

52.5 

53.5 

10.14 

10.1 

12..-. 

1362 

1324 

70 

64.6 

36 

32 

34 

31 

52.58 

52.2 

10.05 

10.1 

13.... 

1420 

1413 

81 

77 

40 

38 

38 

36 

53.0 

52  8 

10.20 

10.2 

14.... 

1449 

1481 

84 

87 

44 

50 

40 

38 

53.37 

53.9 

10.29 

10.2 

In  the  number  of  their  abnormalities  the  orphan  children  exceed 
the  general  averages  found  in  the  asylum.  Thus  among  the  boys 
of  this  class  the  proportion  of  abnormalities  to  each  child  was  3.2;  in 
the  white  female,  2.2;  in  the  colored  male,  4.25;  in  the  colored 
female,  2.5.  Most  of  these  proportions  are  somewhat  above  those 
which  we  have  seen  in  Part  I,  and  which  were  obtained  on  the 
total  numbers  of  the  children  of  same  sexes  and  color.  Out  of  the 
total  of  121  abnormalities  of  all  kinds  found  on  the  38  orphan  chil- 
dren, 28  or  about  23  per  cent,  were  of  serious  character,  while  30  or 
about  25  per  cent,  were  indifferent  abnormalities. 

The  teeth  in  the  orphan  children  were  found  in  40  per  cent,  of  the 
cases  to  be  fine,  in  45  per  cent,  to  be  good  and  in  16  per  cent,  of  cases 


Hrdlicka.  79 

to  be  mediocre.  If  we  compare  these  figures  with  similar  figures  ob- 
tained on  the  physically  entirely  normal  children,  we  will  find  that 
the  teeth  of  the  orphans  in  the  institution  are  not  up  to  the  standard 
of  these  latter. 

Character  of  the  Children. — Almost  all  the  younger  children  of  this 
class  are  sent  here  on  account  of  poverty.  Among  the  older  indi- 
viduals the  lack  of  pai-ental  care,  and  probably  also  some  of  the 
hereditary  predisposition  the  children  carr>',  shows  itself  in  a  large 
percentage  of  misconduct.  Out  of  a  total  of  38  children,  14,  or  about 
37  per  cent.,  were  committed  here  for  either  disobedience,  (9); 
running  away,  (2);  petit  larceny,  (2),  or  stealing,  (i).  As  all  these 
misbehaved  children  were  males,  the  real  proportion  rises  to  45  per 
cent.  If  we  should  only  consider  individuals  above  10  years  of  age, 
the  proportion  of  misbehaved  would  be  very  great. 

As  to  their  abilities  at  learning,  the  orphan  children  do  not  show 
anything  extraordinary.  Three  or  about  8  per  cent,  of  them  were  of 
inferior  abilities  in  learning,  i  was  of  a  superior  ability  and  34  were 
about  the  average  of  outside  children. 

Three  only  of  the  children  of  this  class  were  persistently  either 
destructive,  dishonest,  or  vicious,  since  they  have  been  confined  in 
the  institution.  The  character  of  the  others  shows  nothing  perverse, 
which  is  a  sign  that  the  badness  of  the  children  of  this  class  before 
they  came  into  the  asylum  was  more  due  to  acquisition  by  habits 
than  to  any  inherent  moral  defects.  Apparently  the  sooner  the  chil- 
dren of  this  class  are  sent  to  the  institution,  the  better. 


So 


Anthropological  Investigations. 


PART  X. 

Children  whose  One  or  Both  Parents  Died  of  Consumption. 

There  were  found  51  of  these  children  in  the  institution.  Forty 
per  cent,  of  these  were  inferior  in  their  physical  measures.  The  ac- 
companying table  shows  the  principal  measures  of  the  boys  of  con- 
sumptive parents  compared  with  the  general  averages  obtained  on 
all  the  white  boys  in  the  institution. 

Boys — White. 


(1)  All.     (2) 

Children  both  of  whose  parents  died  of  consumption. 

Heioht. 

Weight. 

Peessdre 
Force,  Right 

Pressure 
Force.  Left 

Circumference 
OF  Head. 

Diameter 
Front 

AGE. 

Hand. 

Hand. 

Minimum. 

1 

2 

1 

- 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

mm. 

mm. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

8  .... 

1152 

1116 

47 

42.5 

20 

16 

18 

13 

51.61 

51.1 

9.84 

9.8 

9.... 

1212 

12!8 

53 

55 

24 

26 

24 

24.4 

51.97 

51.9 

10.07 

9.9 

10  .... 

1248 

1244 

57 

53 

28 

23.5 

26 

21 

52.03 

51.1 

9.97 

9.9 

11  .... 

1315 

1275 

64 

61.6 

32         34 

30 

32 

52-50 

53.5 

10.14 

10.2 

12  .... 

1362 

1324 

70 

63.4 

36 

31-2 

34 

30 

52.58 

51.3 

10.05  i      9.8 

13  .... 

1420 

1397 

81 

77 

40 

39.6 

38 

38 

53.00 

53.3 

10.20  1     10  4 

14  .... 

1449 

1439 

84 

80 

44 

41.2 

40 

36.4 

53.37 

52.7 

10.29  1       9.» 

The  proportion  of  abnormalities  to  each  child  in  this  class  is 
greater  than  the  proportion  found  on  all  the  children  together. 
Thus  there  were  to  each  white  boy  of  this  class  2.83  of  abnormalities ; 
to  each  white  girl  3.3;  to  each  colored  boy  5.3;  to  each  colored 
girl  2.  (Compare  with  similar  figures  on  all  the  children  in  Part  1.) 
Of  the  total  of  155  abnormalities  of  all  kinds  found  in  the  children 
of  consumptive  parents,  39,  or  25  per  cent.,  were  of  a  serious  char- 
acter, and  but  41,  or  26  per  cent.,  were  of  indifferent  nature.  Be- 
sides this,  in  5  cases,  there  were  found  defects  of  the  heart. 

The  condition  of  the  teeth  in  all  this  class  of  children  was  found 
to  be  as  follows:  In  23  per  cent,  of  the  cases  the  teeth  were  fine;  in 
61  per  cent,  they  were  good;  in  16  per  cent,  of  the  instances  the 
teeth  were  mediocre.  The  condition  of  the  teeth  in  the  children  of 
consumptive  parents  is  considerably  inferior  to  the  condition  of  the 
teeth  in  the  children  who  are  physically  entirely  normal. 

The  character  of  the  children  of  consumptive  parents  is  not  very 


Hrdlicka.  gi 

encouraging.  Twenty-three,  or  45  per  cent.,  of  these  children  were 
brought  to  the  institution  for  some  sort  of  misconduct.  In  14  in- 
stances the  misconduct  was  disobedience,  in  7  cases  truancv,  in  1 
staying  out,  and  in  i  petit  larceny.  In  2  of  the  children  the  behavior 
since  they  have  been  in  the  asylum  is  bad.  In  i  boy  the  speech  is 
very  defective. 

Thirteen  and  seven-tenths  per  cent,  of  the  children  whose  one  or 
both  parents  died  of  consumption  were  of  inferior  abilities  in  learn- 
ing, and  no  one  of  the  51  children  showed  in  any  way  an  exceptional 
brightness. 

Both  the  ordinary  orphans  and  the  orphans  whose  parents  we 
know  succumbed  to  consumption  are  shown  in  these  last  two  divi- 
sions to  be  physically  inferior,  not  only  to  entirely  normal  children, 
but  also  to  the  average  of  all  the  asylum  children  taken  together. 
In  both  classes,  besides,  there  is  apparent  a  considerable  tendency 
for  misconduct.  The  physical  inferiority  of  these  individuals  is  un- 
doubtedly due  to  a  very  large  extent  to  the  inherited  deficiencies  m 
their  constitution.  The  tendency  to  misbehavior  may  be  partly  due 
to  some  deficiencies,  but  is  in  all  probability  much  more  due  to 
improper  training  and  other  causes  of  social  character,  which  were 
the  results  of  the  decease  of  the  parents  of  the  children.  The  simi- 
larity in  the  data  concerning  both  of  these  classes  of  orphans  is 
undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  that  in  each  of  the  classes  there  are 
many  individuals  who  at  the  same  time  belong  also  to  the  other 
division. 

CONCLUSION. 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  most  proper  way  to  conclude  this  study 
will  be  not  by  any  generalizations,  but  with  a  wish  for  the  extension 
of  similar  investigations.  There  is  a  broad  and  promising  field  for 
studies  of  this  nature  in  Juvenile  Asylums,  as  well  as  in  other  institu- 
tions in  this  country,  and  particularly  in  the  State  of  Xew  York.  If  I 
were  allowed  a  suggestion,  I  would  recommend  that  the  State  Boards 
of  Charities,  particularly  that  of  this  State,  give  their  official  sanc- 
tion and  support  to  such  studies,  and  extend  them  gradually  to  cor- 
rectional and  other  institutions  which  fall  under  their  control ;  pro^ 
vidcd,  of  course,  that  they  can  secure  the  services  of  the  proper,  able  and 
unprejudiced,  inzrstigators. 
6 


IN  DEX. 


PAOE. 

Abnormalities,  detailed  report  on  same ^^ 

according  to  their  origin 25,  36 

children  without  any '4.  65 

differences  and  proportions  of. i4-'7.  19-26,   33-36 

definitions  of. , 11,  12 

division  of,  according  to  the  parts  of  the  body i  S 

graphic  representation  of Figs,  i  -ind  2,  bet.  pp.  17  and  18 

significance  and  gravity  of 12-14,  27 

object  of  their  study 14 

detail  enumeration  of 1 9-24 

variations  in,  with  age j^,  34,  35,  36 

children  with  five  or  more 69 

of  the  body 23 

of  the  ears 21 

of  the  face 20 

of  the  forehead 20 

due  to  habit '2 

of  the  genitals 24,  35 

of  the  gums 21 

ofthehair 20 

of  the  head I9 

of  the  limbs 22 

of  the  palate 22 

of  the  scalp  '9 

of  the  teeth 21.  67 

of  the  uvula ^* 

of  the  lungs  and  heart 3° 

Ability  in  learning,  in  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 67 

in  children  with  five  or  more  abnormalities 7° 

in  children  who  were  criminal  or  vicious 74 

in  children  whose  parents  were  intemperate,  etc 76 

in  children  who  arc  orphans 79 

in  children  whose  one  or  both  parents  died  of  consumption Si 

Ages  of  the  children  examined 


II 


Arm  expanse 


47.     48 


Body,  abnormalities  of ^3 

Cause  of  admission,  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 68 

children  whose  parents  were  intemperate,  etc 76 


84  '  Index. 

PAGE. 

Character  of  children  on  admission ^ 9 

improvement  in,  after  admission 10 

of  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 68 

of  children  with  five  or  more  abnormalities 70 

of  children  who  were  criminal  or  vicious 73 

of  children  whose  parents  were  intemperate,  etc 76 

of  children  who  are  orphans 79 

of  children  whose  one  or  both  parents  died  of  consumption 80 

CephaHc  Index 31,  54 

Chest,  measures  of 4^~5 ' 

growth  of —  5*^ 

index  of,  at  different  ages $0,  51 

Children,  with  only  one  abnormality 15 

with  many  abnormalities 16 

without  any  physical  abnormalities 14,  65 

with  five  or  more  abnormalities 69 

who  were  criminal  or  vicious 72 

whose  parents  were  intemperate,  etc 75 

who  are  orphans 7^ 

whose  one  or  both  parents  died  of  consumption 80 

Congenital  abnormalities,  significance  of 13,  27 

Differences  between  white  and  colored  children,  resumed 59,  62 

Diameters  of  the  head,  principal  value  of 51 

Differences  in  the  children,  according  to  their  nationalities , 63 

Discharge,  state  of  children  at  the  time  of 10 

premature lo,  1 1 

Divisions  of  the  study : 8 

Education,  state  of,  in  children  on  admission 9 

progress  in,  after  admission  of  the  children lo 

Examinations,  details  of n  et  seq. 

method  of 6,  7 

Face,  abnormalities  of -* 20 

Family  history,  in  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 65,  66 

in  children  with  five  or  more  abnormalities -. —  71 

Genital  organs,  abnormalities  of 24,  35 

Gums,  abnormalities  of 21 

Habits  of  children,  persistence  of 10,  11 

Hair,  abnormalities  of 20 

Heart  and  lungs 3° 

Head,  abnormalities  of - 19 

circumference  ot 55 

cephalic  index 54 

diameter,  antero-posterior  max.  of. 5^ 

diameter,  lateral  maximum  of - 53 

diameter,  binauricular  of 5^ 

diameter,  frontal  minimum  of. 57 

difference  in  shape  of,  in  males  and  females 5^ 


Index.  85 

PJLOB. 

Head,  difference  in  shape  of,  according  to  age,  etc 54,  55 

difference  of,  between  white  and  negro  children 52,  53,  60 

height  of 53 

measures  of S '  <^'  seq. 

module  of 55 

Height,  average,  all  nationalities 37 

of  American  born  asylum  children  compared  with  height  of  American  chil- 
dren from  the  public  schools,  Boston 38 

of  Italian  children 39 

Investigations,  nature  and  object  of,  general  remarks 3,  4 

advantages  of,  to  the  children,  scientific 5,  6 

Improvement  in  children  after  admission 9 

Left  handed  individuals,  proportion  of 31 

Limbs,  abnormalities  of. 22 

Measurements  selected —  3 

a  brief  resume  of  the  results  of 57,  58 

of  the  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 66 

of  the  children  whose  parents  are  intemperate,  etc  "5 

of  the  children  with  five  or  more  abnormalities 69 

of  children  whose  both  parents  are  dead 78 

of  children  whose  one  or  both  parents  died  of  consumption 80 

of  children,  criminal  or  vicious 72 

Measuring,  methods  of 7 

Measures,  detail  report 3^'  5* 

Methods  of  examination 7 

Module  of  Smith 55 

Nature  of  investigations,  general  remarks  about 3 

of  children  admitted  to  the  institution 4 

Nationalities  of  children 32,  63,  65,  69,  72,  75 

Normal  and  abnormal  characters,  definitions  of I3 

children,  physically,  proportions  of  same H-  ^5 

Numbers  and  classes  of  children  examined 3.  " 

Objects  of  investigations 4 

Observations,  general,  on  the  children 9 

on  the  children,  since   they  have  been  in  the  institution,  children 

without  any  physical  abnormalities 67,  68 

on  the  children  since  they   have   been  in  the   institution,  children 

with  five  or  more  abnormalities 7° 

on  the  children  since  they  have  been  in  the  institution,  whose  parents 

are  intemperate,  etc 7° 

on  the  children  since  they  have  been  in  the  institution,  criminal  or 

vicious 73 

8 
Objections  to  examinations 

Palate,  abnormalities  of. ^* 

Pressure  force 44  et  seq. 

Pressure  and  traction  force,  methods  of  testing 44 

differences  of 44 


86  Index. 

PAGE. 

Pressure  and  traction  force,  annual  increase  of 45,  46 

in  negro  children  . 45.  61 

in  relation  to  the  weight  of  the  children 46 

Problems  concerning  the  future  of  the  asylum  children 4-6 

Restoration  of  the  children,  time  necessary  to  effect  same 10,  11 

Sitting  height 39 

proportions  to  total  height 41 

Scalp,  abnormalities  of 19 

Tabulation  of  records 7 

Traction  force 46,  47 

Teeth,  abnormalities  of 21,  67 

in  children  without  any  physical  abnormalities 67 

in  children  whose  parents  are  intemperate,  etc 76 

in  children  whose  both  parents  are  dead 7^ 

in  children  whose  one  or  both  parents  died  of  consumption 80 

of  children  criminal  or  vicious 73 

Type,  abnormal,  of  children  not  present  in  the  institution 24 

Uvula,  abnormalities  of 22 

Weight 42-44 

as  affected  by  clothing 43 

of  asylum  children  compared  with  that  of  Boston  school  children 43 

of  negro  children 44 

Weighing,  methods  of 4^ 


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